Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Body image in different cultures Research Paper

Body image in different cultures - Research Paper Example Research within the understanding of body in different parts of the world has suggested that people like to showcase if they have any cuts that could make headlines for the people who are near and dear to them. In other words, the social circles hold a great deal of value for them because the body debates can go on and on and that too for a number of different reasons. The cultural angle is important to comprehend because some cultures are against the dictum of representing body in such a way that it gets exposed (Cash, 2002). There are others however that have no restriction whatsoever and opine that the body elements and shapes should be depicted as much as possible. What is important within such debates is that what people think of the related equations. If they are open to showcasing who they are and how they believe in their body types and shapes, then this is something that goes perfectly and in line with the discussion at hand. However, if they think this is not what they woul d like to demonstrate about their own selves, then so be it. Body image is seen as a very differential aspect within some countries because it means so much more than just body representation. ... Body image is one of the main concerns within Australia. It has been researched that the 11-24 year olds find it hard to adjust to body image requirements and want to be on top of their game. This includes both the males and the females as this is indeed one of the major concerns that surround their entirety. Within Venezuela, the debate is on the women’s body image that is signified through boobs. The size of the boob is one concern that has come to the fore as far as the women within Venezuela are related. However, America has maintained an unhealthy lust for body image as has been represented through media and different cross-sections of the society. The thin models denote how the modern American female would like herself to be. This has meant that she would almost do anything to look that way. There is complex of magnanimity if she feels she is out of proportion. It is a fact that there is not a single woman in this world who feels indifferent about her body. The same hold s true for males as well. They also want to look at their best as has been represented in different avenues of the media in this day and age. What is interesting enough to note here is the fact that both men and women have found themselves stuck in a rat race with the passage of time. They have understood that to move ahead they would have to be someone that they are not. In essence, the element of aspiration takes the front seat within the related settings, and this is a very unsettling act in entirety. Some elements within the body image discussions center on the premise of religion as well (Fisher, 1986). The Muslim religion does not allow their women to liberally

Goodfellas Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goodfellas - Movie Review Example In this essay I will be looking at how Goodfellas conforms to the Hollywood tradition of using the film noir style in conveying a gangster story, as well as how it differs from the tradition. The story begins by showing a Brooklyn kid's desire to be a gangster as a respected means to the American Dream; a life choice no different from wanting to be a fireman. Of course the boy's parents did not agree and he was starting fires, not putting them out. This was the movies first difference from the film noir approach. This is more light-hearted than usually portrayed by film makers of crime dramas. The story goes on to tell of how the boy forewent normal school to learn the dos and don'ts of the mob. Although crime was definitely shown in Goodfellas, it was presented as being rewarding and mutually beneficial to all involved. It was presented as an opportunity open to anyone smart enough to get involved. That included crossing guards, truck drivers and cops. The narrator referred to it as glories times. Presenting crime with crossing moms from the elementary school, not just rough looking bad guys, reinforced the lighter touch to a crime drama. There was strong comedy included in the beginning and continued throughout the film. When violence was depicted there was a break in the action, often a pause, not to prolong the violence but to somewhat soften the impact or shock value. As most movies do, the music played a memorable role in presenting the scene. The music gave an upbeat to the movie. The songs if heard on the radio will bring the movie to mind. Often in traditional film noir the music catered drama and suspense to the movie. In the tradition of film noir the Goodfellas appealed the public's fascination with criminals and their life style. Goodfellas, is the story of Henry Hill, his family, and associates. Because facts in the story are verifiable, the fascination to the movie was stronger. The main character, Henry Hill was portrayed as a goodfella who simply sold a "little" drugs, cheated a "little" on his wife, lied a "little" to those who trusted him, stole as much as he could, but never really hurt anyone. So he really was not a bad guy. This allowed the audience to give him favor and want to see him come out unscathed. These things were excepted behavior. For most of guys in the movie, killing got to be accepted. Henry never spoke of or was shown killing anyone, which again is not normal film noir style. Another avenue most gangster movies explore is one of cultures. Whether it is an Italian, Irish, Puerto Rican, Mexican, Jamaican, or African gang, cultural differences and traditions are always addressed. Culture was included as part of the traditional film noir style. In this film it was Italian and Irish cultures. It was mentioned throughout the movie to explain a deeper meaning of different scenes. Centered in most gangster movies that follow the film noir style are conflicts involving self interest, morality, legality and the very thin line drawn between them. Goodfellas was not an exception to this rule. This was the theme of the movie. From beginning to the end the narrator spoke of what was acceptable in protecting one's own interest and the interest of the mob. His first pinched was celebrated because he did not rat on his friends. Paulie understood what was done while in prison to

Monday, October 28, 2019

The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay Example for Free

The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay The act of choosing is one of the most basic, yet complex thought processes of the human mind. We humans encounter the action of choosing every single day, it can be as simple as picking out what shoes to wear, or as life altering as deciding to get an abortion. In modern western culture, citizens have the right of freedom, thus granted independence of choice. This in effect, generates unlimited amount of opportunities and choices to be made. The obvious dilemma here, being which choice is the correct one, and why we pursue to make this choice. After reading the poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, the act of choosing strikes me as the main concept of the poem. The concept of choice is introduced and used throughout the entire poem, in a first person narrative style of writing. My interpretation of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is that Robert Frost delivers a thoughtful way of expressing a first person choice process. He demonstrates just how important choices can be in our lives, done through writing about his decision to travel through a road over another, and later comes to the conclusion he should have taken the other road. Another important concept Robert Frost puts forward, is that one choice may perhaps lead to another choice by delivering the phrase â€Å"Yet knowing way leads to way† in the fourth sentence of the thirds stanza. I therefore believe that the poem can be compared to a gradual experience of a choice made in ones life. Demonstrating how usually one decides to follow a certain path in their life, as it seems the more suitable choice at the point in time. However it may not be the best choice or seem as good as it did in the beginning.

The play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay The play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare is one of the English playwrights’ most popular plays, both on the stage and in classrooms. Although often thought of as one of his simplest and most straightforward plays, The Tragedy of Macbeth is actually one of Shakespeare’s most successful attempts at exploring different gender roles and disrupting gender roles which were considered to be â€Å"norms† in his era. One of the first examples of Shakespeare disrupting gender roles with Lady Macbeth is in Act 1, Scene 5. According to Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is too kind and weak-minded to kill Duncan and become King. She, therefore, resolves to â€Å"pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tongue†, which is another way of saying that she will keep nagging and pester him to go through with the deed and kill Duncan so that he may become king. In Shakespeare’s time, men were the dominant one in a marriage. Women were supposed to obey their husbands without question and essentially to be â€Å"ruled over† similarly to how an empire is ruled over by an emperor. When Shakespeare wrote this play, it was unheard of and perhaps even unimaginable for a woman to be the dominant one in a relationship. It is very likely that Shakespeare’s audience would have been scandalized by the sight of a woman taking control of a relationship and would have viewed it as tantamount to treason. The most widely used example of Shakespeare disrupting gender norms in Macbeth is in Act 1 Scene 5 in Lady Macbeth’s famous soliloquy: Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty. Make thick my blood. Stop up th\ access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep the peace between Th\ effect and it. Come to my woman\s breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murd\ring ministers, Wherever in your sightless substances You wait on nature\s mischief. In this segment, Lady Macbeth calls upon evil spirits to turn her into the man that she needs to be to carry out her plan to assassinate Duncan by taking her breast milk, typically used to portray gentleness, kindness, and motherhood. This is the first time in the play that the audience really gets to see Lady Macbeth’s true nature, and how evil and mentally unstable she is. In Shakespeare’s time, seeing a woman behave this way would no doubt have made many people very uncomfortable. One other example of gender stereotypes affecting Macbeth’s plot takes place in Act 2, Scene 3. After the murder of Duncan by Macbeth, Macduff says to Lady Macbeth: O gentle lady, Tis not for you to hear what I can speak. The repetition in a womans ear, Would murder as it fell. This line shows how much Macduff is tied to the old stereotype of gentle, kind and compassionate women. Because of this, he never once suspects Lady Macbeth of being involved in Duncan’s murder because he doesn’t believe that a woman can even hear or speak on the topic of murder, let alone plan and carry out the deed herself. This proves to be critical to the plot. If Macduff had set aside his prejudices about what women supposedly can and can’t do, then he might have even begun to suspect Lady Macbeth of orchestrating Duncan’s assassination. I for one believe that Lady Macbeth was aware of these prevalent prejudices and stereotypes and was counting on them to deflect suspicion off of her so she and Macbeth would have an unobstructed path to the throne. But perhaps the best example of a character in Macbeth refuting a men’s stereotype comes from Macduff in Act 4 Scene 3 after the death of his wife and child. The conversation between him and Malcolm takes place as follows: MACDUFF He has no children. All my pretty ones? Did you say \ all\? O hell-kite! All? What, all my pretty chickens and their dam At one fell swoop? MALCOLM Dispute it like a man. MACDUFF I shall do so, But I must also feel it as a man. I cannot but remember such things were That were most precious to me. In this short excerpt, upon hearing about the tragedy that has taken place, Malcolm tells Macduff to fight it like a man, to which Macduff replies that will do just that, but he has to feel it as well as fight it. A little later he states: Oh, I could play the woman with my eyes, And braggart with my tongue! This tells us that he is weeping for the loss of his wife and child and feeling and acknowledging his sorrow. During Shakespeare’s time, it was expected that men, when beset with such tragedies, would quickly convert their sorrow into white-hot rage instead of really mourning the loss of their loved ones in the way we do today. Macduff, by literally weeping for his family, breaks this gender norm and allows Shakespeare to show his audience that it is not dishonorable for full-grown men to show emotion- in fact, it is the exact opposite. In summary, The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare is one of the best examples of any author/playwright disrupting gender norms in the 16th-17th century. Several of the characters in this play act out of what was considered ordinary or even acceptable at that time period. As seen in paragraph 4, even the plot is, to an extent, dependent on one of the characters (Macduff) being unsuspicious of Lady Macbeth simply because she is a woman.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Communist Manifesto -- Grapes Wrath

The Grapes of Wrath as a Communist Manifesto  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck's political views are quite evident within The Grapes of Wrath. The subject of much controversy, The Grapes of Wrath serves as a social protest and commentary. Steinbeck's views as expressed through the novel tie directly into the Marxist ideals on communism.    Perhaps the first thing Steinbeck does in The Grapes of Wrath is establish the status quo. He sets up the farmers and the banks as the two main opposing forces. "Lord and serf... in a word, oppressor and oppressed" (Marx, 1) Immediately Steinbeck sets up the very same situation Marx establishes in The Communist Manifesto complete with proletarian (farmers) and bourgeois (bankers) classes.    The Joads and the other farmers clearly represent Marx's proletariat. The entire struggle they face is that of finding work or dying on the most basic of levels. Still, they fall victim to the conditions of the Great Depression, resulting in their continued inability to procure such a job. The migrants appear strongly as " the proletariat, the modern working class... who live only so long as they find work .. who must sell themselves piecemeal ... and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition to all the fluctuations of the market" (Marx, 4). Steinbeck and Marx find an obvious agreement over the situation and classification of the Okies, the proletarian workers.    One must also consider the role of the capitalist bankers and upper-class owners in the novel. The banks serve several purposes. First in the novel, they force the rural farmers off of their lands. Being the natural proletariat, they must take to the road in order to find a job. The upper class, as well, distribut... ...hing for a reform of the current system. Bear in mind however, that there is no way to reform a system and let it be run by a "monster." Steinbeck's complaints about capitalism stem from its very basis and allow for no reform short of revolution. The old ways have died, violence is building, and as Marx would agree, revolution is imminent. The bourgeoisie and proletariat exist exactly as Marx states, and all the conditions are shaping up for a proletarian uprising. The revolution draws nigh as Steinbeck's characters learn the principles and values on which Marx bases communism. The Marxist revolution in The Grapes of Wrath is at hand, especially as working men unite.    Works Cited Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.   

Comparison Between The Sons Vito and Kiss Miss Carol Essay example --

Comparison Between The Son's Vito and Kiss Miss Carol The differences in both stories are style and language, settings and culture against the social class. The similarities in both stories are feeling that you don't belong to a certain place or area, feeling isolated and trapped, and being unable to do anything because of someone who has more power and are controlling you. Other similarities are the love for their birthplace, education, making important decisions, possible sad endings and conflicts between the parent and child. In 'Kiss Miss Carol' we feel sorry for Jolil and possibly Mr.Miah, and in 'The Son's Veto' with Sophy and possibly Sam. In 'The Son's Veto' the problem between Sophy (the mother) and Randolph (the son) is a class issue because Sophy worked for Randolph's father who was an upper class than Sophy. When Mr.Twycott. Sophy's husband had sent Randolph to a creditable private school and then to Oxford University, Randolph had a beneficial and extensive education, unlike his mother's terms of class. Sophy desired to marry Sam whose background was similar to Sophy's; Randolph completely disapproved of this, even though Sophy kept asking for numerous years. Randolph responds very selfishly. The problem in 'Kiss Miss Carol' is the difference between Jolil and Mr.Miah. Jolil wants to play a part and join in the school play. Mr.Miah Jolil's father is entirely against his son taking part in the play. He believes you should go to school to study and not to play. Mr.Miah states, "Play's all the time, no good" In 'The Son's Veto' the author requires us to sense compassion for Sophy for the reason that she was ... ...as 'The Son's Veto' for the reason that it consisted of a cataclysmic finale and the language was commendable, remarkable and diverse. The style was finally accustomed to the story due to the commiseration and grief that the author projects towards Sophy. The extensive portrayal provides a clichÃÆ'Â © and comprehensible acquaintance and representation of the dilemmas in the story. It also has an immense consequence on the reader, because it primarily makes the reader recognize the condition and the obstacles in the story. In this present generation people would have selected Sam over their son if they were in Sophy's situation. Sophy was trapped between Sam and her son and she chose her son, which displays how things were in the past. People remained solidly to their priorities rather than being indulged in anything.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Motivation to Pursue a Healthcare MBA program Essay

Early in life, my family taught me the value of work, the importance of managing, respecting, gratifying the needs of the employees satisfactorily and the rigors of establishing and maintaining a business. For over 20 years, my family has owned and operated a chain of 11 convenient stores and other small businesses. Surrounded and influenced by the ups and downs of daily business life I developed the impetus to succeed in a business setting. With this business experience, the compilation of science courses taken throughout college and the experience gained in the industry, I am determined to further develop my stance on how I could be most valuable in the society; as a healthcare administrator or hospital CEO. Throughout the years I have acquired the basics of understanding the health care set up, but a Healthcare MBA from George Washington University is thus the master key to give me the knowledge and skills necessary to conscientiously and professionally execute the responsibilities of hospital CEO. During my time whilst at UNC, I was involved with the agency, Communities in Schools, whereby I offered to mentor and/or tutor high school students. A particular experience I cherish is when I helped a certain weak student, who had lost hope in school, to build confidence and motivation to study hard and pass his exams. The student is now attending college and attributes his success to my helping him discover his own potential. These endeavors have allowed me to assume the role of a mentor and an instructor, and have further taught me to become a communicative leader who can guide others in their development. Moreover, the sheer amount of pleasure I received from aiding the students in achieving their goals reflects my commitment to a career of service, which your program will steer me towards perfecting. I have perfected my abilities to work well under pressure with minimum supervision throughout the years; the necessary virtues of a good administrator. Perhaps even more important, throughout my experience, I have discovered the importance of sharing and accepting criticism. I understand how to deliver feedback without judging or discouraging others, and I use the advice of others to improve my own behavior. I admit that throughout my college education, my academic performance was sub-par; however, I attribute this to spending ample time participating in various non-academic activities. I was pushed to my limit as I was compelled to balance my time between studying and maintaining involvement in other aspects of my life that I am passionate, serving others and dancing. Although being an active person affected my scholastic performance, it was my involvement in those activities that stimulated my leadership potential, trained me to network with various agencies, and allowed me to give something small back to my community. It takes perseverance, drive and passion to rise above set-backs that we create for ourselves along the way and my long-term goal has served as the light at the end of the tunnel. My goal is simple: intellectual enrichment and to use my knowledge to help build a better society. The experience, knowledge and skills I have accumulated this far, put me in a position to successfully embark on new challenges. I want to pursue a higher degree because I know I have the potential to achieve academic success and thus redeem my undergraduate academic experience. It is my belief and conviction that a person is educated if they constantly strive to attain knowledge while simultaneously recognizing the usefulness of this knowledge towards society. Confident in my ability to adapt well and learn new techniques, I am ready to commit and follow the advice of my mentors; pursue a Healthcare MBA from George Washington University.

The Philippine National Police

Philippine National Police ( PNP ) The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national police force of the Republic of the Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of end-July 2007. It provides law enforcement services through its regional, provincial, municipal, district and local police units all over the islands. Created by virtue of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the â€Å"Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990†³, the PNP came into being on January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, when the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired as mandated by law.Vision The Men and Women of the PNP are committed to a vision of a professional, dynamic and highly motivated Philippine National Police working in partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safe place to live, work, invest and do business with. Mission To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and order , and to ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community. Functions 1. Law Enforcement. 2. Maintain peace and order. 3. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to justice. 4.Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent laws. 5. Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law. 6. Implements pertinent laws and regulations on firearms and explosives control. 7. Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies. History Early Policing Organized policing started in 1500s when nightmen or bantayans patrolled the streets of Manila. The nightmen were under the direction of the alguacil mayor who provided them with muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication.In 1836, the Spanish colonial authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force, to enforce peace in the countryside. Six years later, its general function was assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica. The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying outlaws of the Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant under the command of Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen in the history of the Philippine police system. In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took over peacekeeping duties in the islands under a Royal Decree.Guardia Civil in the provinces was composed mainly of Filipinos who worked under the jurisdiction of the alcaldes or mayors. They followed a military structure and received semi-military training yet lacked other dimensions of today’s police service. The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine Republic, signaled the start of the American occupation of the Philippines. Maintaining peace and order, particularly in the countryside, remained the biggest problem of the Americans. The Americans failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen.Macario Sakay. Hostilities continued in Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Bohol and Samar. A military solution to the peace and order problem was ruled, hence, the birth of the Philippine Constabulary. Pacification Campaigns To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire country into constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits as tulisanes. The style of fighting of the early American Constables and the bandits was â€Å"man-to-man, on foot, and generally by arms and bolos. The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanes in their fight in the mountains as their enemies were familiar with the terrain. Malaria and cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the American troops whenever they conducted foot patrol in the hinterlands. The Insular Force The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary, the principal instrument of the ci vil authorities for the maintenance of peace and order. The PC began as a small unit—the Insular Force in 1901. It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 75, enacted by the Second Philippine Commission on July 18, 1901. The Constabulary then was composed of six thousand men led by American officers and former members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under close American direction and control, it functioned as a military organization. Since its formation, the Constabulary had been primarily discharging police law enforcement and public safety functions. Its officers and men had served with distinction both in the field of law enforcement and in combating violence and lawlessness, and in various aspects of public service.There was even a time in history when they performed the duties of teachers, sanitary inspectors, midwives, doctors and foresters. The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization on March 15, 1945 when it was placed under the general supervisi on of the Interior then later transferred to the Secretary of National Defense on March 30, 1950. The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as early as January 13, 1939 until the outbreak of World War II. As an insular police force, the officers of the Constabulary carried the civilian title of â€Å"inspector. Its peacekeeping duty was limited to areas where military rule had been lifted. The Constabulary At War The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years of the Second World War began upon President Roosevelt’s declaration of a state of emergency in the United States. Manila prepared for war. The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis power’s ally in Asia, would soon attack the Far East. Filipinos woke up on the morning of December 8, 1941 to the news that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the bombing of Pan-American Airways installation at San Pedro, Maklati in the afternoon o f December 8. Six Constables from the Headquarters Company were wounded. The next days and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the country’s landmarks, airfields and naval bases. The Death March The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces were waiting to be captured. The Japanese forces then began the siege of Bataan, ordering four infantry regiments with artillery and tank support to crush the American and Filipino soldiers.The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp o’ Donnel in Capas, Tarlac in what has been known as the â€Å"Death March. † Because of torture and starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the infamous march. The Postwar Constabulary The county was left in shambles after the Second World War. Manila was in ruins. Loose firearms and dead bodies littered the streets. This was also the period when communist ideology had been propagated in the countryside and hard-line sup porters had been won. The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap became a force to reckon with in Central Luzon.The Hukbalahap was born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal land system in the province dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an â€Å"ideal ground† for the agrarian unrest. It achieved legal status during the Japanese occupation when it merged with the guerilla forces in fighting the Japanese. The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian problems of the country to cement its presence. Agrarian unrest was prevalent in agricultural lands in Luzon as well as the sprawling haciendas in the south. Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own government in Central Luzon.It was during this turbulent period that the Philippine Constabulary was reactivated into the Military Police Command . Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Command was suffering from its own internal crises. The last war had killed many Constable s. There was a dearth for trained personnel who would be utilized to address the problems. Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000 Hukbalahaps in Luzon in 1946. The Military Police Command, on the other hand, had 23,000 informal enlistees. ReorganizationOn January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive Order No. 94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The Command’s 12,000 officers and men were absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC was in charge of the country’s peace and order â€Å"except those which were purely military in nature. † Brig. Gen. Mariano Castaneda became chief of the PC and instituted reforms. On June 21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had been elected a member of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila.But Taruc had no plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries and us ed the money for his comrades’ operations in Central Luzon. President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the â€Å"friendly touch† for winning over the Huks, building roads for them and giving them lands. The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the decimation of the Huks.On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University of the Philippines, founded the Communist Party of the Philippines. The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New People’s Army. But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9, 1969 in the hands of the Constabulary who k illed the most number of communist leaders in one encounter in Orani, Bataan.The PC Metropolitan Command The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of the 60s and the expansion efforts of the communist movement triggered the creation of the PC Metropolitan Command. To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order Number 76 on July 14, 1967 establishing the PC Metrocom which became the PC’s striking force as it was authorized to conduct 24/7 patrol in the entire Metro Manila and was tasked to â€Å"supplement or complement local police action in the repression and prevention of crimes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Martial Law and the PCThe Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21,1972. Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the military to dismantle the â€Å"unconstitutional opposition† and to prevent widespread hooliganism and gangsterism. Convinc ed that there was a need to restructure the social base that bred lawlessness, Marcos reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes in the social, economic and political structures. On March 21, 1974, President Ferdinand E.Marcos signed Presidential Decree 421 unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila. The move was significant as it created an elite force, the Metropolitan Police Force, that was placed under the aegis of the PC Metrocom. The decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional mandate for an integrated national police force. The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all police units nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A Olivas, commanding general of the Metrocom, was assigned the task of launching the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V.Ramos and Brigadier General Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters. General Olivas would have the power and direction over the Metrocom, including tactical, strategic movements, deployments, placements and utilization of the entire force and the training thereof. On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as components. They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.The Creation of the Philippine National Police The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the PNP which was to be â€Å"national in scope and civilian in character. † In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the â€Å"Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990. † The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S Cojuangco Jr. nd Rodrigo Gutang. Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period; and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon Aquino named General Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General of the Philippine National Police. On January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired officially and the Philippine National Police was born. Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains.To address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975. This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP â€Å"into a more responsive, effective and relevant police organization. † Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police force that is community and service-oriented and fully accountable in the performance of its act ion. PNP SEAL : Meaning And SymbolismLapu-Lapu Hero – The great Filipino hero of Mactan, the prototype of the best and most noble in Filipino manhood who is the symbol and embodiment of all the genuine attributes of leadership, courage, nationalism, self-reliance and a people-based and people powered community defense. The benevolent and heroic warrior who derived added strength from a cohesive, determined and loyal people is today a fitting symbol and a prototype as well of people power to preserve our values, customs, traditions, way of life and the rule of law thru a solidly community-based police system.Lapu-Lapu also personifies for us today civilian constitutional authority. Laurel – Green Laurel with 14 leaves, symbolizes the 14 Regional Commands. It is also a symbol of the honor, dignity and the privilege of being a member of a noble organization where the call to public service is par excellence a commitment to public trust. Shield – The symbol of the P hilippine Constabulary, the first National Police by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Philippine Commission on 18 July 1901.The Philippine Constabulary for the close to 90 years of service to the nation has performed with honor, professionalism and courage. The PC has carved out a large part of the glorious pages of Philippine history, as attested by its proudly and deservedly garnering 86 of the 92 â€Å"Medals of Valor† the highest honor that a grateful Filipino nation can bestow on its gallant sons in the service of the Republic. Most appropriately therefore, the Philippine Constabulary became the nucleus of the Integrated National Police in 1975 to nurture the then embryonic concept of the nationalization of the country's local police forces.Three Stars – Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao and the 1,700 islands and the territorial integrity wherein the National Police must enforce the law and maintain peace and order with professionalism, zeal and dedication in keeping with the highest ideals and traditions of service to our country and people. Service †¢ Honor †¢ Justice – Added distinct ideals for the officers, men and women of the PNP to insure efficiency, integrity, cohesiveness, camaraderie and equanimity to enhance community acceptance and support to attain its mission of peace keeping and law enforcement.Sun – Symbolize the flowering, maturing and ultimate realization of the glorious evolution of the PC/INP into a National Police Organization – â€Å"national in scope and civilian in character† – as enshrined in the 1986 Constitution. The Traditional light rays which represents the fightingest provinces whose ideals of courage and patriotism the members of the National Police must possess. Ranks Distribution The following ranks are observed in the PNP as of 2009 with the following (in descending order):[10] Commissioned officers Director General (P D/Gen. ) – General Deputy Dire ctor General (P D/DGen. ) – Lieutenant General Director (P Dir. – Major General Chief Superintendent (P C/Supt. ) – Brigadier General Senior Superintendent (P S/Supt. ) – Colonel Superintendent (P Supt. ) – Lieutenant Colonel Chief Inspector (P C/Insp. ) – Major Senior Inspector (P S/Insp. ) – Captain Inspector (P Insp. ) – Lieutenant Note: Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the P. N. P. Non-commissioned officers Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4) – Senior Master Sergeant / Chief Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) – Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer II (SPO2) – Technical Sergeant Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) – Staff SergeantPolice Officer III (PO3) – Sergeant Police Officer II (PO2) – Corporal Police Officer I (PO1) – Private First Class Note: Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Private rank-eq uivalent in the P. N. P. (Philippine National Police) List of PNP CHIEFS #| Name| Term of Office| | | Start| End| 1| Cesar P. Nazareno[1]| 31 March 1991| 28 August 1992| 2| Raul S. Imperial[1]| 28 August 1992 (acting) 28 October 1992 (official)| 6 May 1993| 3| Umberto Rodriguez[1]| 6 May 1993| 8 July 1994| 4| Recaredo Arevalo Sarmiento II[1]| 8 July 1994| 1997| 5| Santiago L. Alino[2]| 1997| 1998| 6| Roberto T. Lastimoso[2]| 1998| 1999| 7| Edmundo L.Larozza[2]| 1999 (acting)| 1999| 8| Panfilo M. Lacson[2]| November 1999| January 2001| 9| Leandro Mendoza[2]| 16 March 2001| 2002| 10| Hermogenes E. Ebdane, Jr. [3]| July 2002| 23 August 2004| 11| Edgar B. Aglipay[3][4]| 23 August 2004| March 6, 2005| 12| Arturo Lomibao[4][5]| March 13, 2005| August 29, 2006| 13| Oscar Castelo Calderon[5][6]| August 29, 2006| October 1, 2007| 14| Avelino Ignacio Razon, Jr. [6]| October 1, 2007| September 27, 2008| 15| Jesus Ame Verzosa[7]| September 27, 2008| September 14, 2010| 16| Raul Macalalad Bacalz o| September 14, 2010| September 8, 2011| 17| Nicanor Ancheta Bartolome| September 8, 2011 | PNP Key Officers DESIGNATION| RANK| NAME| | C, PNP| PDG| NICANOR A BARTOLOME| | TDCA| PDDG| ARTURO G CACDAC JR| | | TDCO| PDDG| EMELITO T SARMIENTO| | TCDS| PDDG| ROMMEL DF HEREDIA| | IAS| PCSUPT| ALEXANDER ROLDAN| | OIC, HRAO| | PSSUPT | NESTOR M FAJURA| | | SDS| PCSUPT| BERNARDO C FLORECE JR| | C, PIO| PCSUPT| GENEROSO R CERBO JR| | ___________________| _______| _____________________| | | | | DIRECTORIAL STAFF| UNIT| DESIGNATION| RANK| NAME| DPRM| Dir, DPRM| PDIR| ELPIDIO Z DE ASIS JR| | Dep Dir, DPRM| PCSUPT| JOSE ERWIN T VILLACORTE| | Acting EX-O, DPRM| PSSUPT| NOEL G CONSTANTINO| | | | | DI| Dir, DI| PDIR| AGER P ONTOG JR| Dep Dir, DI| PCSUPT| NOEL O DELOS REYES| | EX-O, DI| PCSUPT| DIOSDADO G RAMOS| | | | | DO| Dir, DO| PDIR| SAMUEL B DICIANO| | Dep Dir, DO| PCSUPT| RICARDO C MARQUEZ| | | EX-O, DO| | VACANT| | | | | DL| Dir, DL| PDIR| ARNULFO DR PEREZ| | Dep Dir, DL| PCSUPT| RAUL BASIL IO D BOAC| | EX-O, DL| PCSUPT| PERCIVAL G BARBA| | | | | DPL| OIC Dir, DPL| PCSUPT| JESUS T GATCHALIAN| | Dep Dir, DPL| PCSUPT| JESUS T GATCHALIAN| | Acting EX-O, DPL| PSSUPT| ALLEN N FORTES| | | | | DC| Dir, DC| PDIR| ROQUE G RAMIREZ| | Dep Dir, DC| PCSUPT| DANILO S CONSTANTINO| | EX-O, DC| PCSUPT| ALEXANDER C IGNACIO| | | | | DPCR| Dir, DPCR| PDIR| LINA C SARMIENTO| OIC Dep Dir, DPCR| PCSUPT| ROLAND A VICENTE| | Acting EX-O, DPCR| PCSUPT| ROLAND A VICENTE| | | | | DIDM| OIC, DIDM| PCSUPT  | JOSE JORGE E CORPUZ| | Acting Dep Dir, DIDM| PCSUPT| JOSE JORGE E CORPUZ| | EX-O, DIDM| PCSUPT| CHRISTOPHER A LAXA| | | | | DHRDD| Dir, DHRDD| PDIR| REY L LANADA| | Dep Dir, DHRDD| PCSUPT| ISAGANI F GENABE JR| | EX-O, DHRDD| PCSUPT| RONILO V QUEBRAR| | | | | DRD| Dir, DRD| PDIR| FELIPE L ROJAS| | Dep Dir, DRD| PCSUPT| DOMINADOR E AQUINO JR| | EX-O, DRD| PCSUPT| DANILO   J ALCORIZA| | | | | DICTM| Dir, DICTM| PDIR| ANGELITO N PACIA| | Dep Dir, DICTM| | VACANT| | Acting EX-O, DICTM| PSSUPT| W ENCY T PASCUAL| | | | DIPO-NL| Acting Dir, DIPO-NL| PCSUPT| WILSON R VICTORIO| | Dep Dir, DIPO-NL| | VACANT| | Acting EX-O, DIPO-NL| PSSUPT| JAMES B BUCAYU| | | | | DIPO-SL| Acting Dir, DIPO-SL| PCSUPT| GEORGE T REGIS| | Dep Dir, DIPO-SL| PCSUPT| FEDERICO E LACISTE JR| | EX-O, DIPO-SL| PCSUPT| FIDEL G POSADAS| | | | | DIPO-VIS| Dir, DIPO-VIS| PDIR| JAIME D CALUNGSUD JR| | Dep Dir, DIPO-VIS| PCSUPT| VALIANT G DE GUZMAN| | EX-O, DIPO-VIS| PCSUPT| HENRY S RANOLA JR| | | | | DIPO-EM| D,DIPO-EM| PDIR| FELICISIMO V KHU JR| | Acting Dep Dir, DIPO-EM| PCSUPT| BIENVENIDO G LATAG| | EX-O, DIPO-EM| PCSUPT| EDGARDO C INGKING| | | | |DIPO-WM| Dir, DIPO-WM| PDIR| MANUEL R BARCENA| | Dep Dir, DIPO-WM| PCSUPT| FRANCISCO R CRISTOBAL JR| | EX-O,DIPO-WM| PCSUPT| PATERNO P HERNANDEZ| | | | | NATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS| LSS| Dir, LSS| PCSUPT| REX MILTON A DOLINO| | DDA, LSS| PSSUPT| JOSE ERNESTO E FERNANDEZ JR| | CDS, LSS| PSSUPT| MANUEL DG OBRERA| | | | | ITMS| Acting Dir, ITMS| PSSUPT| ROGELIO M DAMAZO| | Acting Deputy Director| PSSUPT| JOEL VICTOR V CANAPI| | Acting CDS, ITMS| PSSUPT| NAPOLEON C TAAS| | | | | FS| Dir, FS| PCSUPT| ROLANDO A PURUGGANAN| | Acting DDA, FS| PSSUPT| FELIXBERTO S LAGIWID| | Acting CDS, FS| PSSUPT| TED PEDRONISTO A QUIANO| | | | |HS| Acting Dir, HS| PSSUPT| MA ANGELA M VIDAL| | Deputy Director| PSSUPT| FLORENIA A ZENAROSA| | CDS, HS| PSSUPT| MARIE YVONNE S REYES| | | | | | | | | CES| Acting Dir, CES| PCSUPT| WILLIE M TOLENTINO| | DDA, CES| PSSUPT| RODEL D CALUNGSUD| | Acting CDS, CES| PSSUPT| JOB F MARASIGAN| | | | | CHS| Dir, CHS| PSSUPT| DEODY O BARRET| | DDA, CHS| PSSUPT| ELIGIO A MATIVO| | | | | LS| Dir, LS| PCSUPT| FRANCISCO A UYAMI JR| | LS| PSSUPT| ULYSSES J ABELLERA| | CDS, LS| PSSUPT| BARTOLOME C TOBIAS| | | | | HSS| Dir, HSS| PCSUPT| CARMELO E VALMORIA| | DDA, HSS| PSSUPT| ROLANDO R MACUSI| | Acting DDO, HSS| PSSUPT| RAMON C APOLINARIO| CDS, HSS| PSSUPT| TEODORO J BASA| | | | | ES| Dir, ES| PCSUPT| CRISTINO C CAMPANILLA| | DDA, ES| PSSUPT| JEROME P PAGARAGAN| | CDS, ES| PSSUPT| JOEL FELIX MATEO D RUNES IV| | | | | TS| Acting Dir, TS| PCSUPT| HENRY P LOSANES| | DDA, TS| PSSUPT| JOSE L GENTILES| | CDS, TS| PSSUPT| JOHN Q SOSITO| | | | | PRBS| Dir, PRBS| PSSUPT| VIRGIL F BOMBITA| | | DD, PRBS| PSSUPT| RICHARD A ALBANO| | | | | CLG| OIC Dir, CLG| PSSUPT| LIZA M SABONG| | DDA, CLG| PSSUPT| LIZA M SABONG| | DDO, CLG| | VACANT| | CDS, CLG| PSSUPT| EMMANUEL L ARANAS| | | | | MG| Dir, MG| PCSUPT| FRANCISCO DON C MONTENEGRO| | DDA, MG| PSSUPT| ASHER A DOLINA| DDO, MG| PSSUPT| FERDINAND P YUZON| | CDS, MG| PSSUPT| SAMUEL DG SYLIM| | | | | AVSEG| Acting Dir, ASG| PCSUPT| JESUS GORDON P DESCANZO| | DDA, ASG| PSSUPT| ARTURO M EVANGELISTA, SR| | DDO, ASG| PSSUPT| LUIS RICARDO C CHAVEZ| | Acting CDS, ASG| PSSUPT| JOSE V CARILLO| | | | | SAF| Dir, SAF| PDIR| CATALINO S CUY| | DDA, SAF| PCSUPT| GETULIO S NAPENAS| | CDS, SAF| PSSUPT| MORO VIRGILIO M LAZO| | | | | HPG| Dir, HPG| PCSUPT| LEONARDO A ESPINA| | DDA, HPG| | VACANT| | DDO, HPG| PSSU PT| PETRONIO A RETIRADO| | CDS, HPG| PSSUPT| REUBEN THEODORE C SINDAC| | | | | PCRG| D, PCRG| PCSUPT| AGRIMERO A CRUZ JR| | Acting DDA, PCRG| PSSUPT| NESTOR F QUINSAY JR| | CDS, PCRG| PSSUPT| RUSTICO V BASCUGIN| | | | | CIDG| Dir, CIDG| PDIR| SAMUEL D PAGDILAO, JR| | DDA, CIDG| PSSUPT| FEDERICO P CASTRO JR| | DDO, CIDG| PSSUPT| KEITH ERNALD L SINGIAN| | CDS, CIDG| PSSUPT| RENE D ONG| | | | | PSPG| Dir, PSPG| PCSUPT| | WILHELM E BARLIS| | | Acting DDA, PSPG| PSSUPT| DIOSDADO T VALEROSO| | Acting CDS, PSPG| PSSUPT| ROLANDO Z NANA| | | | | IG| Dir, IG| PCSUPT| CHARLES T CALIMA| | DDA, IG| PSSUPT| ABELARDO P VILLACORTA| | DDO, IG| PSSUPT| ALLEN B BANTOLO| | CDS, IG| PSSUPT| PHILIP GIL M PHILLIPPS| | | | | CSG| Dir, CSG| PDIR| GIL C MENESES| DDA, CSG| PCSUPT| NOEL LAZARUS C VARGAS| | CDS, CSG| PSSUPT| FERDINAND E SANTOS| | | | | FED| Chief, FEO| PCSUPT| RAUL D PETRASANTA| SOSIA| C, SOSIA| PCSUPT| TOMAS G RENTOY III| | | | | REGIONAL DIRECTORS AND DIRECTORIAL STAFF| NCRPO| RD, NCRPO| PDIR | ALAN LM PURISIMA| | DRDA, NCRPO| PCSUPT| SONNY Y DAVID| | DRDO, NCRPO| PCSUPT| JUANITO B VANO JR| | RCDS, NCRPO| PCSUPT  | ARAZAD P SUBONG| | | | | NPD| DD, NPD| PCSUPT| ANTONIO L DECANO| | DDDA, NPD| PSSUPT| WILSON M AMPER| | DDDO, NPD| | VACANT| | CDDS, NPD| PSSUPT| ERIC SERAFIN G REYES| | | | | EPD| DD, EPD| PCSUPT| MIGUEL DM LAUREL| | OIC DDDA, EPD| PSSUPT| ANTONIO L GUMIRAN JR| DDDO, EPD| PSSUPT| ANTONIO L GUMIRAN JR| | CDDS, EPD| PSSUPT| DANILO L MALIGALIG| | | | | MPD| DD, MPD| PCSUPT| ALEJANDRO F GUTIERREZ| | DDDA, MPD| PSSUPT| JOSEPHUS G ANGAN| | DDDO, MPD| PSSUPT| ROBERT G PO| | CDDS, MPD| PSSUPT| RONALD R ESTILLES| | | | | QCPD| DD, QCPD| PCSUPT| MARIO O DELA VEGA| | DDDA, QCPD| | VACANT| | DDDO, QCPD| PSSUPT| JOEL D PAGDILAO| | CDDS, QCPD| PSSUPT| NERI A ILAGAN| | | | | SPD| DD, SPD| PCSUPT| BENITO C ESTIPONA| | DDDA, SPD| | VACANT| | DDDO, SPD| PSSUPT| ROLANDO E ASUNCION| | Acting CDDS, SPD| PSSUPT| CONRADO S CAPA| | | | | PRO 1| RD, PRO1| PCSUPT| FRANKLIN JESUS B B UCAYU| DRDA, PRO1| PCSUPT| ROMAN A FELIX| | DRDO, PRO1| PSSUPT| MANOLITO C LABADOR| | RCDS, PRO1| PSSUPT| ALEJANDRO M VALERIO JR| | | | | PRO 2| RD, PRO2| PCSUPT| RODRIGO P DE GRACIA| | DRDA, PRO2| PCSUPT| MANUEL P PINERA| | DRDO, PRO2| PSSUPT| RUFINO JEFFREY L MANERE| | Acting RCDS, PRO2| PSSUPT| PEDRO R DANGUILAN| | | | | PRO 3| RD, PRO3| PCSUPT| EDGARDO T LADAO| | Acting DRDA, PRO3| PSSUPT| WENDY G ROSARIO| | DRDO, PRO3| PSSUPT  | NOLI G TALINO| | RCDS, PRO3| PSSUPT| AGRIPINO G JAVIER| | | | | PRO 4-A| Acting RD, PRO4-A| PCSUPT| JAMES ANDRES B MELAD| | DRDA, PRO4-A| PCSUPT| ABNER O DIMABUYU| | DRDO, PRO4-A| PSSUPT| EDWIN T ERNI| RCDS, PRO4-A| PSSUPT| RONALD V SANTOS| | | | | PRO 4-B| RD, PRO4-B| PCSUPT| ARTEMIO G HICBAN| | DRDA, PRO4-B| PCSUPT| EDGAR L LAYON| | DRDO, PRO4-B| PSSUPT| DENNIS J PENA| | Acting RCDS, PRO4-B| PSSUPT| VIRGILIO C PARROCHA| | | | | PRO 5| RD, PRO5| PCSUPT| JOSE ARNE M DELOS SANTOS| | DRDA, PRO5| PCSUPT| VICTOR P DEONA| | Acting DRDO, PRO5| PSSUPT| PANCH O ADELBERTO M HUBILLA| | RCDS, PRO5| PSSUPT| ARNOLD L ALBIS| | | | | PRO 6| RD, PRO6| PCSUPT| CIPRIANO E QUEROL JR| | Acting DRDA, PRO6| PSSUPT| MANUEL B FELIX| | DRDO, PRO6| PSSUPT| WESLEY A BARAYUGA| | OIC RCDS, PRO6| PSSUPT| ALLAN C GUISIHAN| | | | |PRO 7| RD, PRO7| PCSUPT| MARCEL P GARBO JR| | DRDA, PRO7| PCSUPT| SAMUEL M YORDAN| | DRDO, PRO7| PSSUPT| LOUIE T OPPUS| | RCDS, PRO7| PSSUPT| ORLANDO D UALAT| | | | | PRO 8| RD, PRO8| PCSUPT| ARNOLD R REVILLA| | DRDA, PRO8| PCSUPT| VICENTE A LOOT| | DRDO, PRO8| PSSUPT| EDGAR O BASBAS| | RCDS, PRO8| PSSUPT| PEPITO M PACADA| | | | | PRO 9| RD, PRO9| PCSUPT| NAPOLEON R ESTILLES| | DRDA, PRO9| PCSUPT| MARIO B YANGA| | DRDO, PRO9| PSSUPT| RAMON M OCHOTORENA| | RCDS, PRO9| PSSUPT| CORNELIO N BARRIOS| | | | | PRO 10| Acting RD, PRO10| PCSUPT| GIL J HITOSIS| | DRDA, PRO10| PCSUPT| CATALINO B RODRIGUEZ JR| DRDO, PRO10| PSSUPT| LYNDEL A DESQUITADO| | RCDS, PRO10| PSSUPT| VIRGILIO T RANES| | | | | PRO 11| RD, PRO11| PCSUPT| JAIME H MORENTE| | DR DA, PRO11| PCSUPT| ANSELMO P PINILI| | DRDO, PRO11| PSSUPT| FEDERICO L DULAY JR| | RCDS, PRO 11,| PSSUPT| PIERRE R BUCSIT| | | | | PRO 12| RD, PRO 12| PCSUPT| ALEX PAUL I MONTEAGUDO| | DRDA, PRO 12| PCSUPT| LESTER O CAMBA| | DRDO, PRO 12| PSSUPT| ROBERT R KIUNISALA| | RCDS, PRO 12| PSSUPT| ELMER C BELTEJAR| | | | | PRO 13| RD, PRO13| PCSUPT| REYNALDO S RAFAL| | Acting DRDA, PRO13| PSSUPT| MARIO O SORIANO| | DRDO, PRO13| PSSUPT| FERNANDO G SEVILLA| | RCDS, PRO13| PSSUPT| DAVID Y OMBAO| | | | PRO ARMM| RD, PRO ARMM| PCSUPT| MARIO A AVENIDO| | DRDA, PRO ARMM| PCSUPT| JOEL MA T ALVAREZ| | DRDO, PRO ARMM| PSSUPT| ALBERTO C SUPAPO| | RCDS, PRO ARMM| PSSUPT| SERGIO A DIMANDAL| | | | | PRO COR| RD, PRO COR| PCSUPT| BENJAMIN B MAGALONG| | DRDA, PRO COR| PCSUPT| ELMER R SORIA| | DRDO, PRO COR| PSSUPT| ROBERTO Q SORIANO| | RCDS, PRO COR| PSSUPT| DONATO O BACQUIAN| GENERAL QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT * A citizen of the Philippines; * A person of good moral character; * Must have passed the Ph ysical Agility Test, Neuro-Psychological Examination, General Physical and Dental Examination as well as Drug Test to e administered by the PNP for the purpose of determining physical and mental health; * Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning; * Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by NAPOLCOM; * Must have not been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian position in the government; * Must have not been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude; * Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1. 2 m. ) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven centimeters (1. 57 m. ) for female; * Must not weigh not more or less five kilograms (5 kgs. ) than the standard weight corresponding to his or her height, age, and sex; and * Must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age upon take oath. Except for the last qualification, the above-enumerated qualifications shall be continuing in character and an absence of any one of them at any given time shall be a ground for separation or retirement from the service: Provided, that PNP members who are already in the service upon the effectively of RA 8551 shall be given at least two (2) years to obtain the minimum education qualification and one (1) year to satisfy the weight requirement. Eligibility Requirements: Civil Service Professional (CSP) PO1 Entrance Exam (NAPOLCOM ; CSC)RA 1080 (Board Passer, Med Doctor, Engineering, Teacher etc†¦ ) RA 6506 (Criminologist) PD 907 For Regular Recruitment Quota, applicants may submit his/her folder with complete documentary requirements to the Provincial Screening Committee for eventual recommendation to the PNP Regional Screening Committee. Documentary Requirements: * Personal Data Sheet (CS form 212, Revised 2005) * Birth Certificate ; Marriage Contract, ; Birth Certificate of Children * Transcr ipt of Scholastic Records ; Diploma * Eligibility * Clearances1 Piece whole Body Picture Barangay Clearance Local Police Clearance * Mayor’s Clearance * MTC/RTC/Prosecutor Clearance * NBI Clearance * DI Clearance PHQ – S2) * Good Moral Character for College/University * Medical Certifcate from Local Health Office Note: Documents must be properly authenticated by issuing office/ agency. Use ordinary BLUE Long Folder with plastic cover ; white tabbings for the application folders. Ad Hoc Screening Committee: Ad Hoc Screening Committee that shall be responsible for the widest dissemination of vacancies in the area and determination of the fitness of police applicants.The Screening Committee shall be composed as follows: a. City/Municipal Screening Committee * Members * Vice-Mayor designated as Chairman * DILG CLGOO/MLGO as Vice-Chairman * POC Member from the Academe designated as Member * City Director (for City Level)/Chief of Police (Municipal Level) and Member b. Provi ncial Screening Committee PNP Deputy Provincial Director for Administration or any PNP Senior Officer in the province designated by the Provincial Director – Chairman. Members NAPOLCOM Official to be designated by the NAPOLCOM Regional Director * Private citizen of known probity and integrity in the province to be designated by the Provincial Governor * PLEB Chairman in the locality where the selection will be undertaken * PPOC Representative to be designated by the PPOC Chairman c. Regional Screening Committee PNP Deputy – Regional Director for Administration or any PNP Senior Officer in the Regional Command designated by the PNP Regional Director – Chairman Members NAPOLCOM Senior Official in the Regional Office to be designated by the Regional Director * Private citizen of known probity and integrity in the region to be designated by the Provincial Governor of the province where the Regional Command Headquarters is situated. * PLEB Chairman in the locality wh ere the selection will be undertaken * RPOC Representative to be designated by the RPOC Chairman Additional Screening and Recruitment Committees, however, may be constituted by the PNP to facilitate expeditious and efficient processing of applications, provided the herein required membership shall be followed.Screening Procedure a. Preliminary Interview/Screening – A point system shall be applied in the assessment and evaluation of the measurable qualification standards possessed by an individual applicant. The applicant shall be interviewed personally by the Screening Committee. If the applicant qualifies, he/she shall be required to present or accomplish the following:   | Minimum Points| Maximum Points| Educational| 21 pts| 30 pts| Eligibility| 21 pts| 30 pts| Physical Agility Test| 10. 5 pts| 15 pts| Final Interview| 16 pts| 25 pts| | 68. 5 pts| 100 pts| iven for those with Masteral, LLB units, graduates with honors and with multiple eligibilities (maximum 30 points) b. Physical Agility Test (15 pts) – The Screening Committee shall require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test designed to determine whether or not he possesses the required coordination, strength and speed of movement necessary for service, as follows: Maximum Total| 100 pts| Passing Score| 75 pts| |   |   |   | A. 7 Pull ups (3 pts each) hanging (time in sec divided by 6 = pts earned)| men| 21 points|   | women|   | B. 2 min Push ups (0. 5 pt each)| men| 20 points| 1. 0 pt each)| women|   | C. 2 min Sit ups (0. 5 pt each)| men| 21 points| (1. 0 pt each)| women|   | D. 100 meter run|   | 18 points| |   |   |   | 100 Meter Runs (Sprint)| Men|   | Women| Below 13. 0 sec or less| 20 pts| Below 19 seconds|   | 13 seconds +| 18 pts| 19 seconds +|   | 14 seconds +| 16 pts| 20 seconds +| 16 pts| 15 seconds +| 14 pts| 21 seconds +| 14 pts| 16 seconds +| 12 pts| 22 seconds +| 12 pts| 17 seconds ; up| 10 pts| 23 seconds +| 10 pts| |   |   |   | 1000 Meter Runs| Men|   | women|   | 3'25† and below| 18 pts| 4'25† below| 18 pts| 3'26† – 3'46†³| 16 pts| 4'26† – 4'46†³| 16 pts| '47† – 4†² 07†³| 14 pts| 4'47† – 5†² 07†³| 14 pts| 4'08† – 4†² 28†³| 12 pts| 5'08† – 5†² 28†³| 12 pts| |   |   | | c. Psychological and/or Neuro Psychiatric Test – To exclude applicants who may be suffering from any mental disorder, the applicant shall take a psychological and/or neuro-psychiatric test to be administered by the PNP, or any duly recognized institution and meet all the requirements in paragraph (a) above. d. Character and Background Investigation – The Screening Committee shall cause an intensive investigation to be conducted on the character and background of the applicant with the end in view of etermining his character reputation and possible involvement in any questionable or criminal activities as well as his propensity toward violence or use of force. e. Physical and Mental Examination – In order to determine whether or not the applicant is in good health, free from any contagious diseases, a physical and medical examination must be conducted by the city/municipal health officer or PNP medical officer after he/she qualified for preliminary interview. f.Final interview (25 pts) – The Screening Committee shall interview the qualified applicant for suitability for police work. The interview shall aid in determining likeableness, affability, attitude towards work, outside interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, disagreeable mannerism, etc. g. Oath-Taking – After the final deliberation and through selection among the qualified applicants, the successful applications shall take their oath of Office. h. Probationary – period of at least twelve (12) months.The New PO1s must undergo the Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC) and Field Training Program in order to attain permanent status. Appointment of PNP Officers and Members The appointment of the officers and members of the PNP shall be effected in the following manner :(a) Police Officer I to Senior Police Officer IV . – Appointed by the PNP regional director for regional personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for the national headquarters personnel and attested by the Civil Service Commission. (b) Inspector to Superintendent – Appointed by the Chief of the PNP, as recommended by their immediate superiors, attested by the Civil Service Commission;(c) Senior Superintendent to Deputy Director General . – Appointed by the President upon recommendation of the chief of the PNP, with proper endorsement by the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission and subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments; and(d) Director General . – Appointed by the President from among the senior officers down to the rank of chief superintendent in the service, subject to confirmation by theCommission on Appointments: Provided, That the Chief of the PNP shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years: Provided, further, That, in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty. Qualifications of Chief of City and Municipal Police Stations 1. No person may be appointed chief of a city police station unless he holds bachelor’s degree from a recognized institution of learning or has served in the Philippine Constabulary or in the police department of any city or municipality with the rank of captain or its equivalent therein for at least three (3) years. . No person may be appointed chief of a municipal police station unless he holds a bachelor’s degree from a recognized institution of learning or has served as officer in the Philippine Constabulary or in the police department of any city or municipality for at least two(2) years with the rank lieutenant or its equivalent: Provided, 3.That a member of the Bar with at least five (5) years experience in active law practice and who possesses the general qualifications under Section 30 of this Act shall be qualified for appointment as chief of a city or municipal police station: Provided, further, That the chief of police shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 51, paragraph b), subparagraph (4) (i) of this Act. Promotions a) A member of the PNP shall not be eligible for promotion to a higher position or rankunless he has successfully passed the corresponding promotional examination given by theCommission, or the Bar or corresponding board examinations for technical services and other professions, and has satisfactorily completed an appropriate and accredited course in thePNP or equivalent training institutions. In addition, no member of the PNP shall eligible for promotion unless he has been cleared by the People's Law Enforcement Board (PLE B) of complaints proffered against him, if any. b) Special promotion may be extended to any member of the PNP for acts of conspicuouscourage and gallantry at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, or selected assuch in a nationwide search conducted by the PNP or any accredited civic organization. PNP RANKS AND INSIGNIA Police Commissioned Officer Shoulder Ranks | | | | Police Chief Superintendent General| Police Director| Police Deputy Director General| Police Director General| | | |   | Police Chief Inspector| Police Superintendent| Police Senior Superintendent|   | | |   |   |Police Inspector| Police Senior Inspector|   |   | Police Non-Commissioned Officer Sleeve Ranks | | | | Senior Police Officer I| Senior Police Officer II| Senior Police Officer III| Senior Police Officer IV| | | |   | Police Officer I| Police Officer II| Police Officer III|   | Note:  Rank in  Italics  is the Army equivalent. There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the PNP. ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPLINARY MACHINERY (RA 6975 – Sec 41-50) Section 41. (a) Citizen's Complaints. Any complaint by an individual person against any member of the PNP shall be brought before the following: (1) Chiefs of police, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof for a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days; (2) Mayors of cities or municipalities, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period of not less than sixteen (16) days but not exceeding thirty (30) days; (3) People's Law Enforcement Board, as created under Section 43 hereof, where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, suspension of forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period exceeding thirty (3 0) days; or by dismissal. The Commission shall provide in its implementing rules and regulations a scale of penalties to be imposed upon any member of the PNP under this section. (b) Internal Discipline. In dealing with minor offenses involving internal discipline found to have been committed by any regular member of their respective commands, the duly designated supervisors and equivalent officers of the PNP shall, after due notice and summary hearing, exercise disciplinary powers as follows: (1) Chiefs of police or equivalent supervisors may summarily impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any of the combination of the foregoing: Provided; That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed fifteen (15) days; (2) Provincial directors or equivalent supervisors may summarily impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to spec ified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any combination of the foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed thirty (30) days; (3) Police regional directors or equivalent supervisors shall have the power to impose upon any member the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service. He may also impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified limits; withholding of privileges; suspension or forfeiture of salary; demotion; or any combination of the foregoing: Provided, That, in all cases, the total period shall not exceed sixty (60) days; (4) The Chief of the PNP shall have the power to impose the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service; suspension or forfeiture of salary; or any combination thereof for a period not exceeding one hundred eighty (180) days. (c) Exclusive Jurisdiction. A complaint or a charge filed against a PNP member shall be heard and deci ded exclusively by the disciplining authority who has acquired original jurisdiction over the case and notwithstanding the existence of concurrent jurisdiction as regards the offense: Provided, That offenses which carry higher penalties referred to a disciplining authority shall be referred to the appropriate authority which has jurisdiction over the offense. For purposes of this Act, a â€Å"minor offense† shall refer to an act or omission not involving moral turpitude, but affecting the internal discipline of the PNP, and shall include, but not limited to: (1) Simple misconduct or negligence; (2) Insubordination; (3) Frequent absences or tardiness; 4) Habitual drunkenness; and (5) Gambling prohibited by law. Section 42. Summary Dismissal Powers of the PNP Chief and Regional Directors. – The Chief of the PNP and regional directors, after due notice and summary hearings, may immediately remove or dismiss any respondent PNP member in any of the following cases: (a) When the charge is serious and the evidence of guilt is strong; (b) When the respondent is a recidivist or has been repeatedly charged and there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is guilty of the charges; and (c) When the respondent is guilty of conduct unbecoming of a police officer. Section 43. People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB). (a) Creation and Functions. – Within thirty (30) days from the issuance of the implementing rules and regulations by the Commission, there shall be created by the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan in every city and municipality such number of People's Law Enforcement Boards (PLEBs) as may be necessary: Provided, That there shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every municipality and for each of the legislative districts in a city. The PLEB shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide citizen's complaints or cases filed before it against erring officers and members of the PNP. There shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five hundred (500) city or mu nicipal police personnel. b) Composition and Term of Office. – The PLEB shall be composed of the following: (1) Any member of the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan chosen by his respective sanggunian; (2) Any barangay captain of the city or municipality concerned chosen by the association of barangay captains; and (3) Three (3) other members who shall be chosen by the peace and order council from among the respected members of the community known for their probity and integrity, one (1) of whom must be a member of the Bar or, in the absence thereof, a college graduate, or the principal of the central elementary school in the locality. The Chairman of the PLEB shall be elected from among its members.The term of office of the members of the PLEB shall be for a period of two (2) years from assumption of office. Such member shall hold office until his successor shall have been chosen and qualified. (c) Compensation – Membership in the PLEB is a civic duty. However, PLEB members may be paid per diem as may be determined by the city or municipal council from city or municipal funds. (d) Procedure – (1) The PLEB, by a majority vote of all its members and its Chairman shall determine whether or not the respondent officer or member of the PNP is guilty of the charge upon which the complaint is based. (2) Each case shall be decided within sixty (60) days from the time the case has been filed with the PLEB. 3) The procedures in the PLEB shall be summary in nature, conducted in accordance with due process, but without strict regard to technical rules of evidence. (4) The Commission shall issue the necessary implementing guidelines and procedures to be adopted by the PLEB, including graduated penalties which may be imposed by the PLEB. (5) The Commission may assign the present NAPOLCOM hearing officers to act as legal consultants of the PLEBs and provide, whenever necessary, legal services, assistance and advise to the PLEBs in hearing and deciding cases ag ainst officers and members of the PNP, especially those involving difficult questions of law: Provided, That these lawyers may also be assigned to investigate claims for death and disability benefits of PNP members or their heirs. e) Decisions – The decision of the PLEB shall become final and executory: Provided, That a decision involving demotion or dismissal from the service may be appealed by either party with the regional appellate board within ten (10) days from receipt of the copy of the decision. Section 44. Disciplinary Appellate Boards. – The formal administrative disciplinary machinery for the PNP shall be the National Appellate Board and the regional appellate boards. The National Appellate Board shall consist of four (4) divisions, each division composed of a Commissioner as Chairman and two (2) other members. The Board shall consider appeals from decisions of the Chief of the PNP. The National Appellate Board may conduct its hearings or sessions in Metropo litan Manila or any part of the country as it may deem necessary.There shall be at least one (1) regional appellate board per administrative region in the country to be composed of a senior officer of the regional Commission as Chairman and one (1) representative each from the PNP, and the regional peace and order council as members. It shall consider appeals from decisions of the regional directors, other officials, mayors, and the PLEBs: Provided, That the Commission may create additional regional appellate boards as the need arises. Section 45. Finality of Disciplinary Action. – The disciplinary action imposed upon a member of the PNP shall be final and executory: Provided, That a disciplinary action imposed by the regional director or by he PLEB involving demotion or dismissal from the service may be appealed to the regional appellate board within ten (10) days from receipt of the copy of the notice of decision: Provided, further, That the disciplinary action imposed by t he Chief of the PNP involving demotion or dismissal may be appealed to the National Appellate Board within ten (10) days from receipt thereof: Provided, furthermore, That the regional or National Appellate Board, as the case may be, shall decide the appeal within sixty (60) days from receipt of the notice of appeal: Provided, finally, That failure of the regional appellate board to act on the appeal within said period shall render the decision final and executory without prejudice, however, to the filing of an appeal by either party with the Secretary. Section 46. Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases. Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, criminal cases involving PNP members shall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the regular courts: Provided, That the courts-martial appointed pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1850 shall continue to try PC-INP members who have already been arraigned, to include appropriate actions thereon by the reviewing authorities pursuant to Commo nwealth Act No. 408, otherwise known as the Articles of War, as amended, and Executive Order No. 178, otherwise known as the Manual for Courts-Martial: Provided, further, That criminal cases against PC-INP members who may have not yet been arraigned upon the effectivity of this Act shall be transferred to the proper city or provincial prosecutor or municipal trial court judge. Section 47. Preventive Suspension Pending Criminal Case. Upon the filing of a complaint or information sufficient in form and substance against a member of the PNP for grave felonies where the penalty imposed by law is six (6) years and one (1) day or more, the court shall immediately suspend the accused from office until the case is terminated. Such case shall be subject to continuous trial and shall be terminated within ninety (90) days from arraignment of the accused. Section 48. Entitlement to Reinstatement and Salary. – A member of the PNP who may have been suspended from office in accordance with the provisions of this Act or who shall have been terminated or separated from office shall, upon acquittal from the charges against him, be entitled to reinstatement and to prompt payment of salary, allowances and other benefits withheld from him by reason of such suspension or termination. Section 49. Legal Assistance. –The Secretary of the Department of Justice, the Chairman of the Commission or the Chief of the PNP may authorize lawyers of their respective agencies to provide legal assistance to any member of the PNP who is facing before the prosecutor's office, the court or any competent body, a charge or charges arising from any incident which is related to the performance of his official duty: Provided, That government lawyers so authorized shall have the power to administer oaths. The Secretary of Justice, the Chairman of the Commission, and the Chief of the PNP shall jointly promulgate rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this section. Section 50. Pow er to Administer Oaths. – Officials of the Commission who are appointed by the President, as well as officers of the PNP from rank of inspector to senior superintendent, shall have the power to administer oaths on matters which are connected with the performance of their official duties.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Goffman’s Dramaturgical Sociology Essay

The article by Brown elaborates on traditional symbolic interactionism. Goffman was mainly interested in social self in the society that constitutes of individual personality formation. His notion of self involves engaging in purposive forms of activities and impressions. According to Goffman’s dramaturgy, there are various schools of interactionist analysis. People try to manipulate themselves and the situations in which they interact. Goffman’s interests were more to the ritualized forms of social interaction. There are various wings of interactionism; we have the social psychological, social of construction and social ritual wing. The difference in these wings allows one to create bridges between elements of symbolic interactionism and other types of social theory (Brown, 290). The article states that in order to teach Goffman well, instructors should put emphasis on social rituals, symbols and sacred representations so as to produce emotional attachment that enhances solidarity in groups among students. Students will be encouraged to see the difference in strands of symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, classical and contemporary theory. This will result to students’ capabilities being increased and they will maintain themselves creative synthesis. Students should know that the facts of symbolic interactionist are just fictions. However, they carry conspicuous effects of social life. In macro-sociology, Goffman observes given situation as a reality that is on an equal footing with human preference (Brown, 294). This is unlike other traditional interactionists. Additionally, Goffman uses the concept of frames to show the incomparability of situations in everyday life. These frames include elements of symbolic meaning, social roles, norms and hierarchies of power that represents participants’ behaviors. Finally, Goffman puts into considerations disruptions, ambiguities, and reparations of social routine as part of everyday life. They are called breaking frames and they cause an embarrassment in life situations. Work cited Brown, David. Goffman’s Dramaturgical Sociology: Developing a Meaningful Theoretical Context and Exercise Involving ‘ Embarrassment and social organization’. American Sociological Association, 2003, pp. 288-299

Essay on the Nature of Trade in General’

In the excerpt from R. Cantillion ‘Essay on the Nature of Trade in General’ relationship between price and costs of production are being described and explained. Author emphasizes that price of a commodity is a ‘measure of the Land and Labour which enter into its Production’. In other words, price consists of labour and manufacturing costs and should reflect the quality of these two factors. In the excerpt, author makes some accurate assumptions.Firstly, he notices the difference in value of land and labour: ‘One Acre of Land produces more Corn or feeds more Sheep than another. The work of one Man is dearer than that of another’. I am interpreting land as the quality of materials to produce a commodity and consider only labour included in manufacturing. So the fertility of land (which is equal to the quality of the good, as the more fertile land is, the tastier, nicer and bigger fruits it will produce) and quality of labour should be included in the price.Author uses example with wool suite to illustrate his observations : ‘If the Wool of the one Acre is made into a suit of coarse Cloth and the Wool of the other into a suit of fine Cloth, as the latter will require more work and dearer workmanship it will be sometimes ten times dearer’. So the suit of fine cloth will be more expensive than the one from coarse cloth even thought the price of materials used for these suits are the same. It means that price difference of the costumes is determined by the price of labour. Fine cloth suit requires more skilled work and at the same time more expensive work.Skilled workers, with more knowledge are more efficient so their labour costs more. Same relationship between price and quality of materials exist: ‘the price of the Hay in a Field, on the spot, or a Wood which it is proposed to cut down, is fixed by the matter or produce of the Land, according to its goodness’. Author uses phrases such as ‘land fertility’ and ‘quality of the produce of the land’, but for simplicity, let’s assumes that it is the quality of materials used for production or the quality of the good itself it is a raw material.The price of billets is determined by the quality of timber, the price of hay is determined by the quality of the grass cut. In this case the difference between two identical piles of wood or two rolls of hay is determined by the quality of the materials. This given example proves that relationship between the price and quality of the materials do exists. Another accurate observation was made about the surplus and the shortage influence to the price. Author used an example with corns: ‘If the Farmers in a State sow more corn than usual

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Port Authority Helping Essays

Port Authority Helping Essays Port Authority Helping Essay Port Authority Helping Essay As you can see our port has a deep rooted history in our community and in our economy. Also, our port has some special features; for instance we have deep water docks allowing us to have large freighters come into our port. Additionally, our port is a destination port in that most of the goods that come in through the port are going somewhere within fifty miles of the dock. Lastly, our Cleveland Bulk Terminal (CBT)2 is amazing in that it has 1850 linear feet of dock with a loop track for ship to rail distribution. A couple of years ago the company removed the giant and obsolete huletts that used to unload the ships into trains, relying now on self-unloading equipment on ships. Trucks are not used because there is no haul road. This summer Oglebay Norton is hoping to bring the automatic loading equipment from the Lorain Pellet Terminal to enable easier re-loading of ships for International Steel Group. Through all of the current turmoil about the port it has been trying to exonerate its self and improve its image. The dispute has brought up two alternatives for the port; one is to leave the port as it is and make Whisky Island into a park; the second is to put the section of the port on the east bank of the river on Whisky Island and make the east bank area a park. Both are controversial as there are the Friends of Whisky Island who want the Island to become a park; while the port wants to just exist downtown. Some people believe that the port should go away all together. They dont realize that the ships bring goods from overseas, and those goods come into the citys factories, which either package them or make other products from them. Then, the factories ship the products out to be sold, thus, promoting trade and economic growth in the city of Cleveland and the whole country. As I mentioned before, the port is just striving to exist in downtown Cleveland. This is because of the deep water docks I also mentioned earlier the deep water docks are unique on the great lakes and very important to our economy. If the port were to be moved very far from its current locale there could be great expense taken to dredge a new location in an attempt to recreate deep water docks. In the current debate NOACA is the main intermediary; NOACA has set up a team of four city planners, one of which is from the city planning commission and three outside counsels, who have been holding meetings in different neighborhoods that might be affected and are taking in ideas. Many people like the idea to move the port to the west bank and free up land on the east, although it is unlikely. Thus, I can safely conclude, that the port is one of the biggest players in what will happen to our lakefront. It can either move or stay put. Although, it just wants to continue to exist and are continuously embellishing their own cause to make people think they are important. They are really important to recreation and our economy because they own the land and promote trade and economic growth. The port is a necessity and here to stay.

Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essays

Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essays Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essay Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essay Essay Topic: Into the Wild Fresh water shrimps (gammarus pulex) are crustacean living in many rivers and streams of this country. They prefer to live in flowing fresh water environments which often has better oxygenated waters that still water environments.2 Aim The aim of my investigation will be to determine the relationship, if any, between the gammarus pulex (fresh water shrimp) population density (the number of shrimps) and the rate of water flow at particular sites of Shir Burn Brook. Preliminary work For my preliminary work, a variety of sampling techniques were carried out to collect samples of freshwater organisms in Shir Burn Brook. The methods include the kick sampling technique and the prodding sampling technique. The range of the flow rate of water in Shir Burn Brook was found to be 0.05m/s-0.25m/s. The samples collected also enabled me to correctly classify and thus allowing me to recognize gammarus pulex. Samples were also collected in a static water environment to enable me to differentiate between the species gammarus pulex and its static water relatives, grangonyx pseudogracilis. Kick samples were taken at different site in the brook. The numbers of freshwater shrimps found at each of these sites are 20, 35, 60, 15, 24. This shows me the range of the number gammarus pulex I should expect. These figures gave me a rough guide on the range of the numbers of gammarus pulex living in the brook. This means that I have a rough estimate of the numbers of shrimps I expect to find during my investigation. Hypothesis: There will be higher densities of gammarus pulex present in areas of faster water flow. The results should show a positive relationship between the rate of flow at a site in the stream and the number of shrimps found at the site. I believe this will be due to the variation in oxygenation of the water. As the water flows faster, the movement will mean that more oxygen can be dissolved into the water, creating a higher dissolved oxygen level in the water. The increased amount of oxygen will allow larger numbers of shrimps to thrive. Null hypothesis 1. There will be no relationship between the population density of gammarus pulex and the water flow rates of sites in Shir Burn Brook where the gammarus pulex are collected. 2. There is no correlation between the dissolved oxygen level of the water of the different sites of Shir Burn Brook and the rate of flow of water at these sites. Background information to explain hypothesis Site The Fleet is a man-made brook by diversion of Shir Burn Brook (TM075314) in the 19th century. The purpose of the Fleet was to deliver water to be used by the steam turbines in the near by railway station down stream.1 It runs through a clearing in woodlands. It is relatively unpolluted with nitrates and phosphate levels within the normal guidelines. As with any flowing fresh water habitat, there are large numbers of freshwater shrimp dwelling there.1 Gammarus pulex Gammarus pulex is a species of freshwater shrimps. Fresh water shrimps belong to the order of the amphipoda. A typical amphipod crustacean is flattened from side to side, and the body when at rest is curved round to form an arch. Gammarus pulex is found swimming on its side. When it is moving the hind parts of its body straightens out, only to contract again suddenly into its normal curved position as soon as the creature stops. They are often found under stones or on the soft surface of the mud, and when disturbed scud rapidly away to shelter. The male is about 25mm in length and the females slightly smaller. Their colour is usually lightish brown. Fresh water shrimps are largely scavengers, feeding on decaying organic matter, but they are also known to devour other smaller creatures. Gammarus pulex are found abundantly in freshwater habitats in the British Isles. Care should be taken during classification to differentiate between the species gammarus pulex and grangonyx pseudogracilis which are usually found in static water environments.2 Flow rate of water Velocity of water varies throughout streams. This is due to the friction between the water and the stream bed. It is therefore expected that deeper parts of the stream will have higher rates of water flow since the surface in contact with stream bed-water volume area is smaller, meaning less friction. Depth is therefore a good indication of the flow rate at any site in the stream. Slower flow rates of water will allow small sediments of mud to develop on the bed of the stream. In faster sites, however only larger substrates such as pebbles are allowed to deposit while substrates that are too small are carried off by the water. The stony bed of the stream are especially suited for the gammarus pulex as there legs will allow them to cling on to rocks, this would be less possible with a muddy substrate.3 Some species of fresh water fauna are in a similar niche to the gammarus pulex will not all be designed to with stand the turbulence of the water. Therefore, at sites with higher water speeds, the diversity of species present there will be less. This means that there will be less interspecies competition for all the essentials which the gammarus requires (e.g. planktonic foodstuffs, oxygen, space for shelter).4 Dissolved oxygen and temperature. The solubility of oxygen from air, at normal atmospheric pressure, in pure fresh water is related to the temperature of the water by the equation: Cs = 475à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(33.5 + t ) 5 Where Cs is the solubility of O2 in water in mg/l and t is the temperature. It is obvious that if more oxygen is dissolved in the water, there will be more of it available for the respiration of fresh water fauna living in the stream. Respiration provides energy in the form of ATP allowing the metabolisms in the animals bodies to occur.6 The oxygen concentration in the streams is expected to be higher in concentration compared to static aquatic environment. The distribution of oxygen is also expected to be more even than static water habitats. This is all due to the movement of the water in streams allowing more oxygen to dissolve and subsequently mixing the oxygen evenly. Nitrates and phosphates Nitrogen and phosphorus are basic elements in all living matter. Nitrates and phosphates therefore are not unexpected to be found dissolved in Nitrate is an essential provider of nitrogenous elements for living organisms. Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of protein and nucleotides in most living things. Nitrogen is recycled through the biosphere by the nitrogen cycle.7 Dead and decaying organic materials (in this case dead leaves) are broken down by denitrifying bacteria inhabiting the water. The nitrogenous molecules are converted into nitrates Nitrate and phosphates are regulators of organic growth. The free flowing algae and small planktonic forms are affected directly. High levels of nitrates and phosphates often stimulate their growth. Gammarus feed on these. Therefore if more plankton are in the stream due to the nitrate and phosphates, the number of gammarus will increase also. The problem with nitrate and phosphates is that when excessive amounts are present (often due to soil leaching, effluent produced by farms, and human effluent) algal growth is intensified leading to eventual deoxygenation of the water eventually causing eutrophication. Thus there will be a decrease in the number of gammarus found in the water. 8 Variables and Key variables Explain Independent, the different rates of flow of the Dependent Factor / Variable Effect on the project Control method Density of fresh water shrimps This is what is tested Flow rate of river This is the key variable of the investigation. It is expected that a higher flow rate of water will lead to higher gammarus population densities, and lower water flow rate will lead to smaller gammarus populations. Dissolve oxygen level of water For all aerobic organisms, oxygen is essential for their survival. Thus, a higher concentration of dissolved will enable a larger population of gammarus to exist in an area providing other factors are not limiting. Control variables Nitrate levels in water This will increase the algal populations in the water. Though sustainable amount of nitrates in the stream will lead to more foodstuffs for the gammarus and thus increase their population, high levels of nitrates caused primarily by pollution will lead to diminished shrimp population as the result to the effects of eutrophication. This variable is sampled at each site so that it is ensured that the nitrate level throughout the stream is constant. It is expected to be constant since the movement of the water will mix any dissolved nitrates till it is in equilibrium in the water. Phosphate levels in water Like the nitrate levels, this abiotic factor will cause fluctuating levels of micro organisms in the stream. The phosphate level in the water is tested at every site. This again ensures that the phosphate concentration is constant throughout all of the tested sites as expected. The phosphate compound is expected to be distributed evenly in the water due to the movement of the currents. Water temperature There will be an optimal temperature range at which gammarus will like to live. If a section of the river is out of this range, the number of gammarus found there will be lower than other sites. The water temperature is monitored at every site. This again ensures that the temperature of the water is constant throughout every site. The water of the brook should be of very similar temperatures since the flowing water currents will distribute the heat evenly throughout the river. Where the water temperature is significantly different from the other sites tested, another site with a more acceptable water temperature will be chosen to be sampled. pH of water There again will be a range of pH of water outside of which few gammarus will survive. Sites whose water pH is too low or high will not contain many gammarus. The pH of the water is tested at every site. This is to make sure that every site tested all have the same pH. Sites whose pH is significantly different from all of the other sites are not chosen to take samples from. The pH is expected to remain fairly consistent throughout the stream. Leaf coverage of the sky above the brook If a section of the brook is covered by leaves, the chance of a dead leave falling into the brook is greatly increased. Since gammarus pulex feeds primarily on decaying plant material, the populations of freshwater shrimp in these regions will be expected to be greater than regions with no leaf cover. The percentage leaf coverage is recorded at the sites where samples are taken. It is made sure that the leaf coverages at all these sites are similar. This shall not prove to be difficult since the brook runs through a wooded area. Seasonal variations Due to the life cycle of the fresh water shrimps, there will be times in the year were there will be small amounts of the gammarus making sampling difficult. This is over come by taking all of the samples in a day. The investigation is conducted in summer when there is sufficient numbers of shrimps in the river. Range of samples and number of repeats At least ten different sites of the stream should be sampled. This will give me a suitable amount of data to adequately perform statistical tests such as Spearmans rank coefficient. The range of the water flow rate of the sites will be from about 0.05m/s 0.25m/s as I have discovered in my preliminary work. This will provide an adequate range for the above ten sites of data to be taken, e.g.: 0.05m/s 0.07m/s 0.09m/s 0.11m/s 0.13m/s 0.15m/s 0.17m/s 0.19m/s 0.21m/s 0.23m/s In practice it will be difficult in the natural environment of to select sites with these exact flow speeds of water. Rather than findinf sites with precisely the same flow rate of the above, ten sites with suitably different flow rates and of suitable range is used to take the samples from. At each site, the site is repeatedly sampled for ten times. This will allow me to calculate the mean of each site and to identify any anomalous samples that were taken. Apparatus A wide range of equipments are needed for sample collection and the monitoring of the aboitic variables of the different sites of the stream. The possible sampling techniques are also considered here as the preference of any one of the methods will invariably affect the choices of apparatus. Kick sampling Prod sampling Needs large area to take each sample, So the sample area may not e of equal flow rate Not much substrate at some sites. Prodding method difficult in picking up samples. Use of apparatus Apparatus available Apparatus Chosen Reason for choice Effect on precision and reliability To measure flow rate of rive at different sites Pooh stick method Impellor method Impellor method The impellor will enable me to determine the rate of water flow at the bed of the stream. Whereas the Pooh stick method will only tell me the surface flow rate. The impellor and flow rate counter will give the speed of water flow to the nearest 0.1m/s. it also eliminates any human error To measure water temperatures Mercury thermometer Digital thermometer Digital thermometer It is more accurate if the thermometer is always left in the water when the temperature reading is taken. The level of the stream is on a very low level, making the accurate reading of the mercury thermometer very difficult. Furthermore, the digital thermometer will record the temperature to the nearest 0.1oC, whereas the accuracy of the spirit thermometer is at best à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.25oC. The digital will give us the temperature of the water to a greater degree of accuracy (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.05oC). This reduces the precision error from the mercury thermometer by ten fold. Human error is eliminated by not having to take a reading of the temperature at the correct eye level. There is no longer need to estimate when the reading lies between two graduation marks. To measure water pH level Digital pH meter Universal indicator Digital pH meter The digital pH meter will give an accurate qualitative pH reading to two decimal places. The universal indictor will allow me to estimate the pH by matching the colour of the test solution with a colour chart. This is extremely prone to errors in that it is often very difficult to obtain test solutions with exact matching colours as the chart. The digital meter gives the pH to a far greater degree of accuracy. There is no comparison with colour charts needed. Care should be taken to ensure that the pH meter is properly calibrated before use. To measure dissolved oxygen concentrations of water. Diaphragm dissolved oxygen meter Diaphragm dissolved oxygen meter (0.0-19.9mg/l) This will give the dissolved oxygen level of the water. There is not another method that is both as accurate and as easily performed as this, making it ideal for project work in the wild. This is the only applicable method of testing the oxygen content of the water in the stream. It is also the most accurate method that could be used. The dissolved oxygen concentration of the water will have to be tested on site rather than on samples taken back to the laboratory. This is because that some oxygen will enter or leave the water in the sample bottles during transporting to the laboratory. To obtain dissolved nitrate concentrations of water. Reflectometer Indicator strips Reflectometer The reflectometer gives the nitrate concentration quantitatively rather than a qualitative result from the indicator strips. It gives the concentration of nitrate in water in units of mg/l. Reflectometry allows the conversion of a single nitrate presence test in to a qualitative nitrate concentration analysis. As the name suggests, the test is conducted by reflection light on an indicator strip which will undergoes a colour change in the presence of nitrate. The strip changes colour in proportion to the concentration of nitrate in the water. The reflectometer is calibrated to detect the degree of this change and convert it into a quantitative concentration of nitrates. To obtain dissolved phosphate concentrations of water. Reflectometer Indicator strips Reflectometer (for high phosphate levels) Indicator strip and reagents kit (for low phosphate levels: 3.0mg/l Similar to the nitrate concentration test, the reflectometer gives the concentration of phosphate in the water quantitatively. One difference between testing for phosphate and nitrate is that there is going to be much less phosphate expected to be dissolved in the water than nitrate. If the nitrate concentration is smaller than 3.0mg/l, this reflectormeter will register the concentration only as low. Under these circumstances, another technique is used. In this technique, 5cm3 of water sample is used and a series of two reagents are added to it. The colour change underwent is compared to the colour changes on a chart. This gives the phosphate concentration to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.25mg/l accuracy. The reasons are similar to those for testing the nitrate concentrations of water. The phosphate low concentration test will present a range of five distinctive colour changes. These will correspond to the concentrations of 0.0mg/l, 0.5mg/l, 1.0mg/l, 1.5mg/l, 2.0mg/l, and 2.5mg/l. This give the phosphate level to a greater degree of accuracy the reflectometers for higher concentrations of phosphates, although the over all precision error will remain similar (0.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.5 = 1.0 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5.0) To measure the depth of brook at different sites. Meter rule Meter rule The meter rule will be most suitable as only a rough guide for the depth of the brook is to be obtained. The waster will leave a mark on the ruler from which the depth can be taken. The meter rule will give the depth of the brook to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1mm. This is of an acceptable accuracy as only a rough guide of the depth of the stream at the sampling site is requires. To collect sample kicked up. 0.50 meter net width. 0.25 meter net width. 0.5mm holes. 1mm holes. 0.50m wide net with 1mm holes in the netting material with 2m handle. As kick sampling is preferred, as net of the biggest width should be used to ensure that all organisms disturbed by the kick sampling is collected. As gammarus pulex are larger than 1mm, the pores in the net will allow substrate to filter through while retaining the gammarus to be sampled. The biggest possible net is used to ensure that most of the sample kicked up from the stream bed is collected. A net with 1mm pores is used to allow mud particles to pass through the net. Less mud will be transferred to the vessel in which the gammarus pulex are counted. This means the water in the vessel will be clearer which means any gammarus pulex present can be spotted more easily. To mark out site of sample taking. 0.50m by 0.50m quadrants 1.00m by 1.00m quadrants. 0.50 x 0.50m quadrant. A suitably large area of the stream will be marked out by this quadrant for sampling. At the same time the quadrant is not so big so that the speed of water flow does not vary within the area enclosed by the quadrant. A good sized quadrant will allow a site to be marked out for sampling. The quadrant chosen will increase the reliability of the test by allowing a large enough area with the same flow rate to be sampled. Apparatus required to classify and count the numbers of gammarus pulex in each sample. White enamel tray Pipette Plastic spoon. White enamel tray Pipette Plastic spoon. A white enamel tray will offer a light background to contrast the darker colours of the gammarus pulex so that they can be easily spotted. Pipette and plastic spoons will allow gammarus to be removed from enamel tray once they are counted. This avoids one gammarus being counted more than one time. Several major measures are to be take ensure the accuracy of the investigation. Water tamparature, oxygen concentrations, and water samples are collected before any sample is taken. This ensures that the abiotic variables of the water is not disturbed before they are measure. Whilst sampling, always work from down stream to up stream. This means that sites up stream from where the sample is taken is not disturbed. For each sample, the same number of kicks is done with the same hardness. From my preliminary work, kicking each spot ten times gives an adequate numbers of shrimps in each sample. It was seen that if the shrimp population density at a site is high, kicking 10 times brings up large number of gammarus pulex. At areas with low gammarus concentration however, only small numbers of gammarus are collected despite kicking ten times. Method 1. Select 10 sites in the river with 5 suitably ranged flow rates. This can be estimated by firstly measuring the depth of the brook at that point with a meter ruler. Make sure there are no drastic differences in percentage branch cover by using a section of hose pipe. 2. Once a site is chosen, the dissolved oxygen level and the water temperature must be measured first. This means that the water is no disturbed before the measuring which could lead to anomalous results. Water dissolved O2 levels Submerge probe in water. Do not sub merge the electrical wires. Move probe gently in water and wait for dissolve O2 level reading to equilibrate on digital display. Record the dissolve oxygen level in mg/l. Temperature Submerge metal part of thermometer into the water. Water for readings to equilibrate Record the water temperature. 3. Water sample is taken with a 150ml water sample bottle. The water sample should be taken from as close to the bottom of the stream as possible as this is the immediate surrounding of the freshwater shrimps. 3. The flow rate of the water is then tested with an impellor. The impellor device is placed in to the water. When in rotates freely, the digital counter is switched on. A flow rate speed is then given after 30 seconds of testing. Wait another 30 seconds to ensure that the reading displayed is correct since the first reading could be erroneous. 4. Before taking the sample, fill a white porcelain tray with water from the brook. This will allow any fauna collected to survive while the sample is being counted. 5. A 50cm x 50cm quadrat is then placed into the brook. Collect the sample by using the kick sampling technique on areas within the quadrat. The substrate is kicked ten times with the same hardness. The disturbed substrate and organisms is then collected by the net placed down stream. 6. The sample in the net is emptied in to a porcelain tray. It is rinsed with water in the porcelain tray to ensure no life forms are stuck on to the net. 7. Any gammarus pulex identified in the sample is counted. To avoid counting the same shrimp twice, the counted shrimps are removed by a plastic spoon or pipette in to a plastic palette. Once counting is completed the shrimps are returned back in to the brook. 8. All of the remaining substrate and fauna in the porcelain tray are returned in to the river also. 9. Within the vicinity of the quadrant, choose another undisturbed site around 15cm up stream and repeat the process above. A site upstream is used to ensure that the site used is not disturbed when the previous sample is taken. 10. Ten samples should be taken altogether from a site with a certain flow rate. 11. The above is to be repeated with the other nine sites. Testing of water samples The pH, nitrate, and phosphate levels are tested in the laboratory due to the nature of the equipment which has to be used. Nitrate 1. Set test 261 on reflectonmeter. 2. Dip NO3- indicator strip in water sample. 3. Start 60 second count down. 4. The indicator strip should change to a purple colour if nitrates are present. 5. Insert the strip in to the reflectonmeter after 55 seconds. 6. Record the nitrated concentration displayed (mg/l) Phosphate 1. Put 5ml of water sample in to a small bottle. 2. Add in with it 10 drops of H2SO4 (care corrosive). Shake to mix. 3. Select test 124 on reflectonmeter. 4. Start 90 sec countdown. 5. Dip indicator strip in sample. 6. There will not be any colour change if low amounts of phosphate are present. 7. If phosphate levels are below 3mg/l, the reflectonmeter will display LOW. If this happens, use the low phosphate test as below. Low Phosphate 1. Put 5ml of water sample in to a small bottle. 2. Add in with it 5 drops of H2SO4 (care corrosive). 3. Add 1 measure of Reagent 2 then shake for 2min to mix. 4. There should be a colour change of the solution. Compare the colour change with the chart provided to ascertain phosphate level. pH Insert digital pH meter into water sample. Swirl around and wait till reading equilibrates. Record the pH. Safety precautions Make sure that there is someone around at all times, and do not work alone. Do not sample areas in the brook which is too deep. Wear rubber gloves while sampling to avoid infections. Carry a mobile phone in case of an emergency. Give mobile contact numbers to staff. Sign in and out of the field centre so that the staffs know my whereabouts. Analysis of results I will calculate the standard deviation for the data collected from each site of the stream. This will tell me the diversity of the data collected at these sites. I will plot the graph of shrimp density against water current flow. This will inform me of any correlation that may be present between the two variables. I will carry out Spearmans correlation to establish the strength of the correlation between the variables above. I will plot the graph of rate of water flow against dissolve oxygen concentration. This will inform me of any correlation that may be present between the two variables. I will carry out Spearmans correlation to establish the strength of the correlation between the variables above. If there seem to be a linear proportionality between any of the two pairs of variables above, I will calculate the regression line which will enable me to plot a line of best fit onto my graph. This will allow me to carry out interpolations of the data which could give me a chance to carry out further studies in the future to see whether the interpolations are reliable, thus determining the accuracy of this study. By looking at the data for the dissolved oxygen concentration at the different sites and the rate of water flow at each site, it is obvious that there is no correlation between the two variables as I had expected. I will still plot a graph between the two variables and carry out spearmans rank correlation coefficient to support the null hypothesis. Below are examples of how I carried out the statistical analysis. Spearmans rank coefficient Flow rate of water /m/s Density of gammarus pulex R1 R2 d d2 7 8 13 22 14 16 12 7 19 13 ? Conclusion * There is a positive correlation between the current flow rate and the density of gammarus pulex found at the site. * The abiotic factors tested remains constant throughout the river, it is therefore assumed that the varying densities of gammarus pulex collected at different sites are not affected by these. The constant nature of abiotic factors is caused by the moving nature of the water. Any nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen will be well mixed to obtain equilibrium. The temperature of the water remained constant for the same reason. * Contrary to my prediction, the dissolved oxygen level in the stream was indeed higher than that in still water. * If varying oxygen levels are not the main cause for the diversity of shrimp density, the cause could be attributed to the different nature of substrates found at different sources. * Faster sections of the stream have more small stones under which the gammarus may cling for shelter to avoid the current. The stone acts as a barrier for the gammarus against the water. Thus the numbers of gammarus in these faster, rockier sections thrive. In slower sections of the stream, more sediment is deposited. This leads to muddy sections of the river bed. Here, gammarus will have less protection from the streams currents. They would have to burrow under the surface of the muddy substrate. This is far difficult than hiding behind a stone. Smaller numbers of gammarus will be able to remain there, thus its density is the lowest in slower sections of the river. * At faster sections of the stream, fewer other species of fresh water organisms will be able to survive due to them being unable to cling in to rocks and being washed away. This means there is less overlapping of the niches of organisms and thus less competition for the shrimps. This means the shrimp population is able to grow larger than areas with slower current speeds.9 To be sure of the assumption above, more tests need to be carried out in site with flow rates of between 0.05-0.15m/s and ;0.05m/s. Discussion Percentage branch cover. Substrate quality. I mentioned carrying out further tests to find out the accuracy of interpolations make from the available data, it is however more likely that as the flow rate of water is increased further, the increase in the number of gammarus found at these sites will not increase in the same proportions as before. A graph of this is shown below: This is due to other limiting factors such as intra species competition. Evaluation Assumptions made to limit In reality, a wide range of factors would act along with the speed of water flow to affect the gammarus population density. Assumptions were made that other factors will not vary greatly since the sampling was conducted in a single river. Although many important variables were tested to confirm that they are indeed fairly constant, there are fluctuations in the concentration of nitrate () at the different sites. This probably will have had an effect for the sample data. For example, the nitrate concentration at the site with the water flow rate of 0.18m/s is 53mg/l compared with the rest of the sites having a nitrate concentration of about 47mg/l. It is instances like this which may limit the reliabilities of the findings. There may be other abiotic factors which I did not have the means to measure affecting the gammarus pulex density. For example, the calcium carbonate concentration of the water is an important issue concerning the density of shrimps. Shrimps require calcium to form and repair their shells. The assumption was made that all of the shrimps which were collected in each sample were correctly classified and tallied. The fact is that it was far from certain that every single shrimp in sample is indeed counted. The classification of the gammarus made difficult by the amount of substrate brought up along with each sample. Large numbers of shrimps in a single sample made counting difficult since they are mostly fast moving. Difficulties caused by method The method caused unavoidable disturbances to both the water and the substrates of the river bed other than that of the sampled area. This is due to that many groups are conductiong investigations in the stream at once. The disturbed water meant that the various abiotic variables of the river is disturbed. It also affects the speed of water flow as people standing in the river unavoibly obstructs the flow of the river. Sources of error Limitations of method * Uneven kicking It is very hard to control the amount of stream bed disturbed by each kick. Although the number of kicks is kept constant, it is very hard to keep constant the area and amount of substrates and fauna sampled each time. * Not all disturbed substrate collected Due to the width of the net, it is impossible to collect every bit of potential sample that is kicked up. * Equipment cross contamination The reflectometers, pH meters which were shared between the groups could have been contaminated with the samples of other groups. Thus giving a higher NO3- level that the actual value etc. * Not all shrimps sampled It cannot be guaranteed that every gammarus collected in the sample will be counted. This could be caused by the size pf the gammarus, problems with identifying, and gammarus hiding below substrates brought up with the sample. The numbers of gammarus counted should be treated as a bare minimum. * Slightly different speeds at different sites Although several impellor readings are taken at different areas within the 0.25m2 area within the quadrat, it is more than likely that there will be areas in the site where the speed will vary. * The dissolved O2 level meter did not work at the site. Therefore the dissolved O2 levels of the water samples collected in bottles were tested back at the lab. To avoid oxygen to be mixed in to the water while inside the bottle, the bottle was filled completely full to the brim. Due to the concave shape of the lids, some air bubbles remained in the bottle. This could have had an effect on the dissolved oxygen levels recorded. * Other investigations taking place upstream * There were other people conducting investigations up stream. This means that the samples I collect could contain some shrimps that have been disturbed and the carried down the stream by the current. This will increased the number of shrimps I collect in some samples. * Errors in classifying species of shrimp * Precision errors of apparatus ; Meter Rule à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5mm ; Flow meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01m/s ; Oxygen meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.5% of total scale of 0.0 19.9mg/l ; Reflectometer à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5mg/l ; Digital thermometer à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.3 ; Digital pH meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2 These contribute to the percentage errors of the results. Anomalous results Anomalous results are highlighted in red in the result table. These are excluded when the average for each site is calculated. This is so that it will affect the reliability of the data. The anomalies would probably have arisen due to the limitations to the method listed above. Improvements * Sample a larger number of sites to further establish a trend. * Sample different rivers to see if the trend is replicated. * Find regions in the stream where the water current is faster to see if the trend continues linearly, or whether there is a cut off point to this positive correlation. * Retest sites which seem to give anomalous results. * Investigate the contribution of substrate quality to shrimp density * Reflectometers could have been contaminated with water samples of other groups. Since the equipment is shared, other groups using the reflectometer to test water samples would have their water left in the testing slot. This will results in the indictor strip changing its colour to another shade thus registering an anomalous NO3 reading. Further work Futher work should be conducted to investigate the relationship between the substrate quality of different sites of the stream and the number of gammarus pulex these sites contain. * Investigate whether the diversity of fresh water fauna is linked with the speed of the water flowing at the point. This will show whether interspecies competition has a major effect on the population density gammarus pulex.