Integration Of Engineers And Military History - 1271 Words

INTEGRATION OF ENGINEERS IN US MILITARY HISTORY Name: Josue Forgue (SSG) Institution: SLC Class 004-14 Introduction The US military is a national force that is tasked with the duty of protecting the federal state from attacks from external forces. In this respect, the military is obliged to use some special scientific skills. This sees to it that the military combating is done with convenience and effectiveness. In this regard, the military was compelled to integrate engineers in its operations throughout its long history (Arkesian, Connor Sarkesian, 2006). Body The military history’s integration of engineers dates back to the year 1775 when the continental government established the first Army Corps. This was essentially an Army†¦show more content†¦The academy was stationed at West Point in New York State. It became the only and then the major school of engineering in the US. The Corps of Engineers were tasked with duties such as the improvement of navigation on the Mississippi river (Arkesian, Connor Sarkesian, 2006). The US military integrated topographical engineers. At around the year 1838, they were used for the sake of mainstreaming civil works. They took up the task of mapping as well as the design and the fortification of the coastal routes. The engineers also took up the task of surveying the lakes of the US in the North and the North West. These engineers saw to it that the topography of the nation was effectively mainstreamed in accordance to the requirements of the federal government (American Society of Naval Engineers Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 2006). During the civil war, the engineering element that had been integrated into the military in the US played a very key role. The military carried out many missions during this time and the central nerve to these missions was the engineers. They undertook tasks like the construction of bridges, forts, batteries, the entrenchment into fortified enemy territory, and the demolition of the supply chain of the enemy. It is in this respect that the military was able to keep the enemies at bay. They were able to go over running torrents of rivers and entered into the

Mid-Term on Human Evolution Essay - 530 Words

2) The concept of descent with modification, or evolution, has a great deal of evidence in its support. Indicate the major types of evidence. Some of the major types of evidence that supports evolution are from the similarities that organisms living on distant locations have to one another. Charles Darwin logic when he summarized his findings of five year collecting evidence around the world while he was on the HMS Beagle. Darwin noticed the similarities between animals and plants on the same continent though they were diverse. On a molecular level protein structures and gene sequences is used to determine the evolutionary relationship with the random mutations in our genes. Our genes contain instruction to create protein which†¦show more content†¦An Australopithecus africanus had human-like and ape-like features. Its cranium housed a large brain with small teethe but its body resembled an ape. It had long arms and a strong sloping face that juts out from underneath the braincase with a pronounced jaw. The way the pelvis, femur and foot bones was structured that it walked bipedally. Its shoulder and hand bone shows that they also was adapting to climbing. Paranthropus were bipedal hominids that researchers speculate to have descended from the gracile australopithecine hominids around 2.7 million years ago. They were located in South Africa. Paranthropus boisei had a specialized skull that had adaptation from heavy chewing. From the top and side of its braincase to the lower jaw of its chewing mules was anchored by a strong sagittal crest that was located on the midline of the top of the skull. The Paranthropus boisei had a very wide and dish-shaped face that it created a large opening to have big jaw muscles to support their cheek teeth that are four time bigger than one of a human. 5) Explain why variation in skin color is of no use in defining human races. Variation in skin color does not define human races because with evolution the human species adapt to where ever they are stationary, Therefor farther away from the origin of that culture is from my not have the same level of ultraviolent radiation. People that was located near the equator was exposed strong sun raysShow MoreRelatedVestigial Organs: Common Descent by Charles Darwing950 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Vestigial Organ† is a term used to describe organs or functions that due to the course of evolution no longer have a use. The idea of useless organs had been around long before Charles Darwin, but his idea for why they were there was the one that stuck. In his book â€Å"The Descent of Man† Darwin named a few organs that were considered absolutely useless or had very little service such as wisdom teeth, the appendix, the spleen, and the hind leg bones in whales. While functions of some of these partsRead MoreAnalysis Of Barbara Kingsolvers A Fist In The Eye Of God1728 Words   |  7 PagesIs â€Å"theory† a contradictory scientific term? Many people define â€Å"theory† as a set of unjustifiable propositions, whereas others believe a â€Å"theory† is a â€Å"coherent set of principles used to explain a class of phenomena† (Kingsolver 208). The contrasting interpretation of â€Å"theory† results from the fluctuating amount of information circulating on this term. Although the word â€Å"theory† is a prime example of how people interpret ideas distinctively, people can develop new insights on their previous ideasRead MoreThe Theories Of Hominin Evolution By Richard Potts ( 1999 )1056 Words   |  5 PagesHumans, or Homo Sapiens, are extremely intelligent beings with complex cognitive and manipulative abilities who have taken over the world. How did humans come to be such a skillful and dominant species? Scientists for years have sought to fully understand the physical and cognitive evolution of t he hominin clade. If human evolution did start off with apelike habits, why are there human traits such as terrestrial bipedality, toolmaking, and larger brains? When did these traits emerge? What gave riseRead MoreInternational Politics : Mid Term Exam724 Words   |  3 PagesParedes-Manfredi VCC INR 2002 INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Mid-Term Exam Answer two of the following questions in an approximately 1 to 1 1/2 page essays each. Be sure to Spell and Grammar check. Use your texts to make citations supporting your essays. No additional research beyond the text is necessary. Each essay is 50 points, total test 100 points. SELECT TWO QUESTIONS ONLY: 1. Explain why it is important to understand the evolution of the world’s international system in order to understandRead MoreHistory Of Opitz Syndrome : A Disease Characterized By A Defect Along The Ventral Midline Of The Human Body1630 Words   |  7 Pagesalong the ventral midline of the human body. Some of these abnormalities include a cleft lip, heart defects, wide-spaced eyes (hypertelerism), laryngeal cleft, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and hypospadias. An important irregularity in patients is the effect disrupted proteins have on the corpus colloseum. The corpus colloseum is a neuronal component that separates the two halves of the brain. This protein is imperative because it controls MID-1 or the midline. The MID-1 protein also forms homodimersRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution And Evolution1685 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Since Charles Darwin suggested the theory of evolution by natural selection in this best-known work, On the Origin of Species, controversy has followed. As a (computer) scientist, this student has no personal problem with the theory of evolution. However, since the debate of whether or not evolution actually exists is still alive and well today, a brief exploration of the arguments against is not only interesting, but also increasingly necessary. Why is there such disparity over this topic overRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Abuse929 Words   |  4 PagesScientific Abuse Darwin, the name widely recognized as the grandfather of evolution, describes evolution as â€Å"organ, instinct, or any whole being...arriving at its present state by many graduated steps† (Darwin 158). The struggle for survival forces organisms to evolve gradually and adapt to their environment, therefore increasing their chances of survival. Darwin furthers his theories into the origins of species in which he explains how â€Å"several breeds to which each has attended, are descended fromRead MoreDefining Diversity: the Evolution of Diversity1435 Words   |  6 PagesDEFINING DIVERSITY: THE EVOLUTION OF DIVERSITY by Camille Kapoor 1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS DIVERSITY? The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical ability, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differencesRead MoreThe Evolution of Man1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of man Describe the evolution of man Georgina Taylor 10/10/2012 Word count: 1141 â€Æ' The Evolution of Man The greatest mysteries of science, a subject which intrigues us all is how exactly the human species evolved. Evolution is the sequential process of change over periods of time which shape and establish the formation of modern man. Evolution is a term derived from the Latin wordRead MoreWhy Evolution Is True. Oakley T. Lowe. St. Leo’S University.1263 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Evolution Is True Oakley T. Lowe St. Leo’s University  Abstract Throughout history, there has been a major debate on the theory of evolution. Is it true? The term evolution has been defined many ways, and for the purpose of this paper, I will use the fourth definition from the Merriam-Webster dictionary. â€Å"Evolution is the descent with modification from preexisting species:  cumulative inherited change in a population of organisms through time leading to the appearance of new forms:  the process

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1436 Words

Marijuana in The United States Marijuana is a plant and drug that has been in America ever since the colonists came over in the 1700’s, and like anything that has been around for that long the perceptions of it change over time as a society’s social values and beliefs change. Today in America marijuana is mostly illegal except for medicinal purposes in some states and for a few states who have legalized marijuana completely. In this paper I will be discussing three major topics about marijuana in the United States. The first topic that I will be talking about is the legality of marijuana and how the laws and out look of it have changed over time. The second topic I will be talking about is the impact that marijuana has and the risks and benefits that can come from it. The last topic I will be talking about is the use of marijuana and how many people are using it and what social groups are using it. There are many varying opinions on Marijuana from people of all cultures and backgrounds, and since Ame rica is a cultural melting pot the discussion about Marijuana has never been larger. Legality Marijuana has been a controversial issue lately when it comes to whether or not it should be legal or illegal. Historically in America marijuana was was not always very well received going all the way back to when it was made illegal in the early 1900’s because Mexican immigrants were bringing it in to America and some people believed that it made whoever used it to become and actShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be L egalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

Essay about Was the Settlement of Jamestown a Fiasco

Issue 2: Was the Settlement of Jamestown a Fiasco? Yes: Edmond Morgan builds an easy to understand case of explaining the initial failures of the Jamestown colony. He credits the failures to chaotic organization, laziness, the makeup of the population, and poor ideas for prosperity. Morgan argues that one reason for failure was a lack of organization. He states that Jamestown lacked leadership. The colonies government was made up of a council and a president. The president had virtually no authority, and the council spent most of its time arguing and not actually accomplishing any governing. Once the colony established a governor, and they went through several, other problems arose. The next problem that Morgan brings to attention†¦show more content†¦45) Kupperman also makes claims that Jamestown modeled success for future colonies. â€Å"Jamestown was not just the earliest English colony to survive; its true priority lies in inventing the archetype of English colonization. All other successful English colonies followed the Ja mestown model.†(Kupperman p. 38) â€Å"The key to building English societies abroad, however messy and incomplete, was discovered in Virginia and all successful colonies henceforth followed its model.†(Kupperman p. 46) She cites colonies such as Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay as following the Jamestown model. In conclusion, this student feels as though Edmond Morgan focused primarily on the initial failures of the Jamestown colony and judged it accordingly as a fiasco. One could see where Karen Kupperman’s argument is more relevant and a better way to judge the history of Jamestown. She takes into consideration the initial failures of Jamestown, but overall points out that Jamestown learned from its mistakes. Jamestown’s success can be attributed to its normal civilians grabbing ahold of the reins, and adopting capitalist style planning. The fact that Jamestown became successful and gave future colonies a successful model to study should be reason for it t o be looked upon as a success story and not a chaotic failed fiasco. Issue 5: WasShow MoreRelatedThe Cherokee Removal Through The Eyes Of A Private Soldier3686 Words   |  15 Pages1828, the president Andrew Jackson was appointed to the office of the American government with this the fact of the remaining Indians tribes were important which were named â€Å"The Five Civilized Tribes† including the Cherokee and with the pass of the â€Å"Treaty of Etocha† forced the Cherokee out of the land of Georgia also known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† where thousands upon thousands of Cherokee were killed during the extraction of the Cherokee’s land. The Narrative was a very interesting Article explainingRead MoreImagine a land, untouched by modern civilization, its resources untapped, its plants grow wild and3300 Words   |  14 Pagesthe last Ice Age, and much of the planet’s water supply is locked up in sheets of ice spanning across the globe. A land bridge by the name of Beringia has emerged from the depths of the Bering Sea, and what was once a foreign land is now the setting for thousands of years of discovery, settlement, and the birth of the country we now call the United States of America. The first people to make the trek across Beringia from the Asian continent were believed to have been following game, hunting, and trying

Summary of Prevail and Transcend Scenario in Radical Evolution free essay sample

In chapter six of Radical Evolution, author Joel Garreau shows through various interviews and examples that even though technology may be rising on an exponentially increasing Curve, humans may still be able to change the effects of technological advance in unpredictable ways. Deemed the Prevail scenario, it is also characterized by humans slowing down once-viewed inevitable change viewed as negative and speeding up positive change. Another great theme of the Prevail Scenario is its idea that technological advance will enable humans to acquire a better understanding of their society and nature. In addition to discussing the Prevail scenario, Garreau also discusses the possible change humans themselves may experience in chapter seven. He shows this possibility through a series of interviews and historic examples. The first person whom Garreau interviewed was Jaron Lanier, a computer scientist who coined the term â€Å"virtual reality†. Garreau notes how Lanier â€Å"does not see The Curve yielding some inevitable, preordained result, as in the fashion of the Heaven and Hell Scenarios† (195). This would suggest that even though Lanier believes that technology advances on an exponential Curve, he differs from past technology futurists, such as Ray Kurzweil and Bill Joy, in that Lanier believes the effects of technology are unpredictable and wild. Lanier believes that humans have the power to gain more understanding about human nature through advancing technology. Garreau describes Lanier’s predictions of the future: â€Å"†¦it would not be represented by smooth curves, either up or down, as in the first two scenarios. It would doubtless have fits and starts, hiccups and coughs, reverses and loops – not unlike the history we humans have always known† (196). Despite the chaotic nature of Lanier’s Prevail Scenario, the future of humans and technology would ultimately involve the humans being in control. In addition to interviewing Lanier, Garreau also mentions James P. Carse, professor of the history of literature at NYU. Garreau mentions Carse because the former once discussed his definitions of finite games and infinite games. According to Carse, finite games have very controlled settings. For example, there are beginnings and endings and the overall atmosphere is predictable. By contrast, infinite games have many surprises and these surprises cause the game to last forever. Tying this case back to the Prevail Scenario, Garreau notes how Lanier believes that â€Å" ‘Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’ is an infinite game†¦Infinite games are the real transcendence games. They allow you to transcend your boundaries. They allow you to transcend who you are† (197). Garreau also discusses how Lanier views technological change as a way for humans to come together – to forget their differences and become one interconnected society. So, the essence of Prevail is â€Å"the search for a complex, evolving, inventive transcendence† (Garreau, 200). Technology assists in this by helping humans come together. Lanier believes that human connectedness is a â€Å"much more profound kind of ramp [than Heaven and Hell Scenarios]†, which suggests that the Prevail Scenario will ultimately bring about the most interesting and meaningful future. In his discussion of the Prevail Scenario, Garreau also clarifies the event by drawing on examples from past movies and literature. Garreau gives examples from the biblical Exodus, the novel Huckleberry Finn, and in the movie Casablanca. In all of these works, Garreau shows how various characters, against all odds, struggle against various external forces that in the end help shape a character or a group of characters’ minds for the better. This moral improvement is one of the major subjects of Lanier’s Prevail concept. Near the end of the chapter, Garreau concludes that the Prevail Scenario cannot be predicted. It is notable for its uncertainties, resilience, and diversity of ideas. However, the unifying theme in Prevail rests on the fact that humans will ultimately rise to greater understanding and morality while undergoing a journey of compassion and sacrifice. Garreau emphasizes this scenario by quoting Faulkner’s famous saying that â€Å"man will prevail ‘because he has a soul, a spirit capable of passion and sacrifice and endurance’† (qtd. in 209). Gareau expands on the concept of the development of human nature in the chapter seven. Through a series of interviews and examples, Garreau attempts to explain and clarify what it means for humans to transcend and how technological advance will have an impact on that transcendence. Garreau starts out the chapter with an explanation that throughout human history, humans have been changing and evolving, with examples such as fire and writing. Then, Garreau describes the way human nature is being changed: â€Å"Even the least educated among us is not raised by wolves, feral and wild. He grows up shaped by contemporary humans who own television, who have been shaped by modern society† (237). This quote further suggests that human nature may be impacted the advancing GRIN technologies. To examine this possibility, Garreau interviewed Nick Bostrom, co-founder of the World Transhumanist Association. Bostrom shows his agreement with human transcendence by asserting that â€Å"Technological progress makes it harder for people to ignore the fact that we might actually change the human nature† (qtd. in Garreau, 242). Garreau also brings up the topic of civil disruption from such enhancement. As discussed in the Hell chapter, the topic of technological advancement carving up human society into the Enhanced, the Naturals, and the Rest and having civil strife ensue is always a big topic. To gain insight on this topic, Garreau interviewed Gregory E. Pence, a professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama. Pence explains to Garreau that in order for technological enhancement to be successful, its use must be voluntary, for fear that government control of these technologies could create a form of eugenics. To add to this thought, Lee M. Silver, professor of molecular biology at Princeton, noted that life was unfair. He explained that some people, such as athletes, are just born with better genes which give them their enhanced abilities. Though Bostrom also agrees that such inequalities occur, he also notes that there may not be civil strife because of it. To show his ideas of the workings of civil tranquility, Bostrom observes that â€Å"The reason we don’t have tall people conspiring against little people, or vice versa, is that there is no obvious cutoff point, and it’s just one continuum living in the same world† (qtd. in Garreau, 245). So, Bostrom’s discussion suggests that even though technological advancement may create some inequality in society, there would be many stages of enhancement, making the gap between the Enhanced and the Rest closed. To further elucidate on Bostrom’s views, Christine L. Peterson, president of the Foresight Institute, says that â€Å"The analogy is to entities more powerful than humans, like government and corporations. We come up with checks and balances. We always protect weaker members of society against those who want to push them along† (qtd. in Garreau, 246). Peterson, like Bostrom’s views on transcendence, views that in technological advancement, â€Å"The goal is peaceful coexistence among traditional humans, augmented humans and machine-based intelligences† (qtd. in Garreau, 246). Bostrom and Peterson’s discussions on the subject of Transcendence so far suggests that this advancement is not an emphasis on equality, but rather an emphasis on better morality and greater understanding of human nature in the future. To show the possibility of transcendence, Garreau interviews William Calvin, a University of Washington theoretical neurobiologist. She explains to Garreau that during human prehistory, humans had far lower physical and mental stature and were bound to the jungles. This was because proto-humans could not run very quickly or think very cleverly. Calvin then explains that one day, a very hungry proto-human hits a small animal with a rock. This scene set off a chain of events, which resulted in the proto-human being more nourished and a more connected brain, which resulted in him having babies with bigger brains. This led to more advancements, such as the development of language and fire. Garreau suggests that such an example of human evolution may also occur in the future because of advancing GRIN techniques. Garreau concludes the chapter by remarking that humans may evolve to bear better understanding and tolerance through technological advance. Garreau shows this phenomenon by reflecting on his own experiences with religious and cultural events. He reflects on how these events have an uncanny ability to bring people together in a close way. Then, Garreau remarks: â€Å"If we are embarking on a path in which we stand to transform ourselves more than at any brief period in our species’ time on Earth, we are creating new critical moments. Perhaps we might start formally marking the occasions†.

A Donation Festival for People-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a Press Release base on a Donation Festival for People with Special Needs. Answer: A Donation Festival for People with Special Needs The PR department of the UCB University conducted a donation festival for people with special needs on the behalf of the UCB University. The festival was held at the Main entrance hall of the college building on from 11 am to 2:30 pm. The event had a donation event apart from food and sales counter. The money collected from the event will be spent on buying wheelchairs for handicapped people and donating them to charitable center. Three PR students who looked after the running of the program hosted the event. The university premises and the main entrance were used by the organizers to garner maximum attention. The food stalls in the festival sold pizzas and sodas. To keep the audience interested there was a raffle ticket event with a free trip to Bangkok, Thailand as the prize. The food counter and the raffle counter attracted the major crowd of youngsters. Other events like online gaming and clothing stalls also contributed. The head of the PR department actively visited the event where she contributed by buying food and inviting other professors to participate. The students of the university actively participated in the fundraising and other events. At the end of the program the amount of $608 was collected which will be used for the donation. The Helpers Foundation for the disabled will be helped with the donation collected. In case of further enquiries regarding the event or for making any further donations please contact: For further details please contact: PR Department Name: Contact: References: Joselit, D. (2016). Conceptual Art of the Press Release, or Art History without Art. Nicoll, L. H. (2015). How to write a press release.Nurse Author Editor,25(1), 1

Self Reflection on Personal Learning †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Self Reflection on Personal Learning. Answer: Introduction: In order to conduct a reflective essay considering the development of personal learning, a cognitive idea pertaining to learning experience needs to be developed. Learning experience, in general term refers to the type of interaction, course or program that takes place in a traditional academic institution or non- traditional process aiming at the development of the concept associated with the course. This paper is going to be conducted aiming at the gradual learning process and its acceptance in the personal application method. The core concept is leadership in teaching. The course that I have gone through pertaining to education and teaching is of gamut in the twenty first century. The twenty first century has induced several techniques in terms of providing quality education to the learners from different region. It has been observed that with the changing milieu of student mindset, the teaching procedure has also experienced certain changes. However, this change is to find out ho w effectively this process would find out how the effective consideration would be finding out the entire methods for the learning concept. Due to the growing use of learning experience by both the educators and the learners, the pedagogical as well as technological shift has been initiating some certain changes for future conceptualization. In due course of the study, I have learnt that leadership plays a significant role in the decision making process within an academic institution where the teachers- inside and outside the class rooms become an effective figure who would drive the students and the other fellow teachers to a motivating environment. Leadership, according to the course materials and the class room study, does not comprise of characteristic change to the acceptance of the new methodologies of teaching in manual process. It also includes the acceptance in technological interventions and value based learning process. It is a matter of fact that the students always do not feel comfortable in the classroom studies. However, the obligation lays upon the shoulders of the educators- specifically the teachers to find out how effectively this process would consider the teaching method of the teachers. The teachers are indeed the driving force in an academic institution thus considering overall development of the s tudents though drawing the attention to the study and class room activity. I have learnt that the leadership in academic sector does not only consider the involvement of the learners, but it also considers the professional involvement of the fellow teachers. It can thus be stated that I have been able to cope up with the genre where me as an organizational leader would ensure holistic engagement of the organizational members. In this context, I have developed my idea pertaining to the cultural leadership skills and theories associated with it. Cultural leadership can be defined as follows: It is the leadership proxy that is ingrained in familial, cultural and communal identity. In this case the concept of establishing cohesion is highly prioritized. Cultural leadership is indeed a creative leadership, as per I have learnt from the course. In this process, it can be stated that the particular understanding has to be taken into certain consideration in terms of creating an overview for the entire effort. Cultural leadership utilizes arts and implements the theories of art into social consideration. Cultural leaders are highly committed to establish social justice. In this process, it can be stated that the specific understanding has to be oriented with the entire understanding of the issues. On the other hand, there has been a clear understanding of the process, pertaining to the effective consideration of the cases. I have learnt through the process that the leadership quality in this spectrum has been creating an effective consideration for the specific understanding. It is a matter of fact that a teacher also works as a facilitator and motivator in an academic institution. Social justice and its concept building process is highly dependent upon the teachers who effectively inject the social and moral values into the students through gradual development and edification process. I have learnt that social leadership can be developed through the following processes: Communication within the organization plays an important role to ensure proper engagement of the members. An effective communication process would definitely focus on conveying proper message to the students, the learners and other organizational members. If the individual, collective and organizational goal is not conveyed properly to the individuals, the objective of the leader is considered to be at stake. In the course, I have learnt different processes and theories to develop the communication skill that is highly required to implement in practical performance. I have also taken into account the concept of commitment. Through the three component commitment model developed by John Meyer and Natalie Allen in 1991, I learnt to develop my observation on its different understandings: In all these three components, the leader needs to be emotionally strong so that the communication can be well conveyed. My learning process in this case has also provided me a platform that would help me develop my understanding with reference to the specific commitment models wherever best suited. A leader in academic sector needs to be a good counselor who would be able to read the psychological tendency of the learners so that the educating and edifying process becomes easier. It can thus be stated that leadership is a continual development process. My learning on leadership has generated enthusiasm that would be further implemented in practical course. Reference: Brodbeck, F. C., Eisenbeiss, S. (2014). Cross-cultural and global leadership. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015).Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Men, L. R. (2014). Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), 264-284. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment.Human resource management review,1(1), 61-89. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.

Case Study Organizational Behaviour for British Airways

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Organizational Behaviour for British Airways? Answer: Introduction British Airways is considered to be one of the largest British ai*rline that is based in London and is core to the London Heathrow Airport. She is regarded as one of the biggest airlines in the world as well, constitutes to be one of the beginning members of the airline alliance one, and represents together with Iberia, the international holding company of Airlines Group. British Airways functions destinations on the six continents namely North and South America, Europe, Oceania, Asia and Africa considering only a few. The most routes are started from home base and are specially raised from London Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5. Many long-haul flights are offered from many European and some British destinations (Britishairways.com 2016). The network of flights presently comprises of Moscow, Beijing, Sydney, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Aberdeen and Buenos Aires. The airways serve various Caribbean destinations and divert south of London from a smaller base at Gatwick Airport including many European cities like Bologna (Britishairways.com 2016). Part 1 The environment is the key point that is analyzed to start budding strategies for the corporations by the executives of the company. The analysis mostly constitutes industrial as well as environmental conditions. The officials review the competitors in addition to the strong points and weak points of the company. The strategies are made by keeping in mind and focusing on the strategic analysis of the company whether external or internal. To set an emblematic strategic position of the company, the strategies are made (Carton and Hofer 2010). The strategies not only help in retaining a healthy competition but also help in maintaining the competitive advantage in the market. The company makes strategies so that with the help of these strategies it can compete with others while adopting strategies like premium price or cost leadership (Harvard Business Review 2005). The company's value chain is associated with strategies such that they can be helpful to each other. The company's value ch ain creates decision based on marketing, human resources and manufacturing (Davenport and Leibold 2006, Pp.225). These strategies help in making final strategies and giving shape to the strategic management. The strategies help in setting financial targets with the allocation of the budget to various departments in a way that the strategies adopted are implemented. The distribution of tasks pools with similar skills together with the type of organization that divides the individual into sub sections and this type of organization is known as the matrix organization. This type of organization has also assisted and executed in project management like the military and spatial programs in U.S. that have been imported into Europe in the year 1970-1980s.The traditional organization from fayolisme ("unitary of command') or Taylorism are opposed. The benefits comparative to functional organization are: The project needs are based on the individuals that are selected The dynamic project team can view the problems or issues in a different way in contrast to experts that use assembling in a new environment. The project managers are unswervingly accountable for the project, with a budget and a deadline. Many examples in the history of business provide structures of the company that comes to a decision that the company follows corporate strategies (Wheelen and Hunger 2011). The company makes the corresponding relationship between the strategies and structures of an organization. A significant example that states the relationship is of the "Model T of Ford to the Wii of Nintendo" (Harvard Business Review 2005). The struggle has been continuous since past 15 years for the theory's development of a strategy. This can also be called as blue ocean strategy (Kim and Mauborgne 2004). However, the company theory proposes that the strategies and presentation of an organization in the competitive environment are not dependent on each other. This strategy will not only help to restructure the industries but will also help in favoring the side of the strategy by overturning the series of the structure. There are two approaches namely structuralist and deconstructionist; the structuralist approach is practical and relevant, but Reconstructionist approach is far more suitable than the former (Hanson et al. 2001, Pp 26-28). This is comparatively better than positioning industries. The Reconstructionist alternative approach is not practicable for most of the organizations (Harvard Business Review 2009). The leadership is the first task that the company gas in front of them to choose a suitable strategy. However, it is the duty of the executives to view that the strategy and the objectives of the company go hand in hand (Sadler 2003, Pp. 415-427). Nevertheless, many skilled managers and executives know how to make structuralist approach work. However, executives can work towards delivering better approach than another approach while achieving higher performance side by side for their company. The practice of strategic management can organize the growth of the strategic of divergent judgments while keeping in mind that values, priorities, needs and goals of the organization should be aligned with stakeholder groups (Harvard Business Review 2005). Hence, certain efforts should be made to solve these issues of the strategic in the planning stage. The example that can give for strategic can be the non-completion of work due to pressurization by the organization of environmentalists or the neighbouring community. The best illustration could be from the construction or infrastructure strategic that is not only analysed from the view of local authorities, residents and alliance for the monuments protection but also examines the performance of substantial work done by subcontractors and suppliers from the standpoint of a construction company (Hanson et al. 2001, Pp 26-28). The controversies and opposing attitudes between the stakeholders may turn out to be a source of increasing the preparation of strategies but may even compose a severe risk to the implementation of successful strategies. The example that can state the understanding is that the construction of a bypass is the chance to lessen the time travelled which ensures positive strategic management whereas for residents new course of road means that destruction and noise in the landscape that will result in negative evaluation and opposing the implementers to sponsor the strategic management (Scholz and Zentes 2006). Nevertheless, the visions are stated according to the needs and expectations of stakeholders. However, the key factors of strategic management are analyzed after the preliminary considerations are taken to keep the design constraints defined and refined (Harvard Business Review 2011). The defining design constraints highlight the synergistic effect of all the factors is worth nothing if they are related closely and presented in the figure. The strategies are completed successfully if the model developed in based on thorough evaluation. The key parameters of the strategic management are fundamentally correctly identified based on the analytical thinking that is combined with systematic theoretical knowledge relating to strategic management methodologies (Scholz and Zentes 2006). Part 2 Democratic Style The democratic manager is the one that not only supports but helps the subordinates in the decision-making. The just manager will not impose his decisions and ideas on subordinates but will discuss with subordinates before taking a decision. A good manager will always favor a two-way communication in way: The authorities are delegated to subordinates. Involves subordinates in decision-making. Gives time and space to employees to work in their way. A Democrat manager endeavors to create an environment of trust and is even engrossed in every human aspect. However, the manager promotes the personal development of subordinates, provides the employees with moral support and avails the teamwork opportunity. The altruistic leadership gives origin to democratic style. The principle suffices the best way to encourage the employees to give their best is to interest them. However, the altruistic manager should understand and be effective to the employees by adopting an empathetic participatory approach, consider the subordinates as a whole person, and by guiding and supporting the subordinates at each step. However, some authors do not support the principle of democratic style because a business that is privately owned is not democratic by nature and does not feature fundamentally. Moreover, democracy is not a system that favors the style where power belongs but belongs ultimately to the public. On the other hand, the suggested review on democratic style is considered to be one of the most supported forms of leadership that not only hides the coercive nature of power but is a term that is abusive. College Style A College manager functions in similar ways like a democratic manager. The leadership style constitutes of a management team of specialists that has all team members as associates or contemporaries. The first place in college management acquires friendship, leadership, loyalty and autonomy with team spirit. However, this type of style is often found in pilot teams where there is a little number of people that make a collegial style of performing the business feasible. The Nonchalant Style The lassie Z-faire policy is followed by a nonchalant manger that is relevant to the subordinates and work. The nonchalant manager leaves the decision on the subordinates in a way that he abdicates his responsibilities. The manager is also known but the name of anti-leader as he does deal directly with the subordinates work. However, this type of manager is in a notion that the subordinates performance will never lead to good performance because of the presence of interpersonal conflicts. Hence, this kind of manager search for situations that avoid problems and conflicts and given a view to other that he is still working and working hard. Part 3 A Hierarchy of Needs In most Western countries, material needs are satisfied to an unparalleled degree. Nevertheless, this is the prior reason that calls to realize the futility of material well-being. According to the psychologist Douglas McGregor, who worked in Massachusetts Institute of Technology opined that "Man is an animal {wishing wanting]." The needs are non a satiated cycle that if one satisfies, another becomes visible in the way. However, as opined by Abraham Maslow, Human needs are positioned in the series of importance that comprises of hierarchy. The example that can be understandable is that a man living on bread alone is stressed for not having the bread. The man eats it regularly and satisfactorily such that hunger motivation constitutes to be a part of the important motivation. Moreover, it concluded by reviewing that more need is not satisfied by the motivating behavior of the man. In contrast to different other objectivism schools of psychology, a motivation of human nature adopted in Austrian School is a methodological subjectivism motivation. The ontological subjectivism defines the specificity in an individuality of a person. However, actions yield their motivations, and that is why subjectivism applies that patterns are difficult to monitor from the outside. There are needs according to an economist or sociologist that does not lead to specific action by an individual. On the other hand, cataloging of needs show educational interest and are not specifically assigned to a particular place of an economic factor or time. Also, the motivational needs are less faced up to and are numerous in a particular person. Moreover, the motivators prioritization and classification are random in nature. However, every individual tries to connect the ends and means of its own and follows a common structure that is followed by others. The prediction is unpredictable because it is not possible even if a sociologist and economist cannot give details of how the employee will act and will respond to the fulfillment of the needs. Part 4 Group dynamics signifies: The methods and measures that are taken in a group of people to get them prepared. A technique that influences the group and makes it tangible. The methods and forms that are explored by the scientific discipline. The features and capabilities of a group are different from the totality of the properties and abilities of the individuals in the group. Group-dynamic explains and shows some group dynamics as well as interpersonal relationships: The connection between two people. The connection between an individual and a group. Interactions between groups (Cartwright Zander 2007). Group-dynamics helps for the definite purpose of encouraging personal development and character construction. It has proven history in resolving conflicts, anger management and many more other segments (Brown 2010). Group dynamics and group terms are by, and large referred to all mechanisms, phenomena, sociological and psychological methods that materialize and develop in small communal groups for the period of their work collectively. To be more precise, the term refers to the following practices: Study (analysis and explanation) mechanisms and methods that are particular in small groups. Involvement in groups to enable the understanding of the growths that Develops and creates a change affecting the group or its participants (Brown, 2010). Specific training in groups to determine and recognize what happens in interpersonal connections within a group or congregation of people. Such training permits acquainting within themselves with the consideration of group developments and phenomena. The functioning group is considered by the use of balanced and scientific methods that practices the action of verbal exchange and depicts growth and maturation in open. References Britishairways.com, (2016).About BA | British Airways. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/about-ba [Accessed 28 Feb. 2016]. Brown, R. (2010). Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups.Basil Blackwell. [online] Available at: https://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1989-97300-000 [Accessed 28 Feb. 2016]. Carton, R.B. and Hofer, C.W., 2010. Organizational financial performance: Identifying and testing multiple dimensions.Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal,16(1), p.1. Cartwright, D. and Zander, A. (2007). Group dynamics research and theory.Row, Peterson. [online] Available at: https://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1954-02395-000 [Accessed 28 Feb. 2016]. Davenport, T.H., Leibold, M. and Voelpel, S. (2006). Strategic Management in the Innovation Economy. Strategy Approaches and Tools for Dynamic Innovation Capabilities. Erlangen. Hanson, D.J., Dowling, P.J., Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskinson, R.E. (2001). Strategic management: competitiveness and globalisation. Harvard Business Review, (2005).From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1987/05/from-competitive-advantage-to-corporate-strategy [Accessed 28 Feb. 2016]. Harvard Business Review, (2009).How Strategy Shapes Structure. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2009/09/how-strategy-shapes-structure [Accessed 28 Feb. 2016]. Harvard Business Review, (2011).Implementing a Stakeholder Strategy. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2011/07/implementing-a-stakeholder-str [Accessed 28 Feb. 2016]. Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2004). Blue ocean strategy.If you read nothing else on strategy, read thesebest-selling articles., p.71. Sadler, P. (2003). Leadership and organizational learning.Handbook of organizational learning and knowledge, pp.415-427. Scholz, C. and Zentes, J. eds. (2006).Strategic Management: New Rules for Old Europe. Wiesbaden: Gabler. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D. (2011).Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India.

Achilles as a Classical Hero

Achilles as a Classical Hero Introduction Under classical mythology, one can define a hero as a courageous individual with great strength, widely known and celebrated by his society for his actions which portray exceptional boldness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Achilles as a Classical Hero specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In literature, a hero simply means a person with a character that people need to admire or emulate. S/he therefore possesses all the ideals celebrated, valued and articulated by his/her culture. Heroes exist in all fields; for example, in politics, sports, and struggle for freedom among others. Be it in classical mythology, ordinary literature, or any other field, a hero must possess ordinary characteristics that no other person possesses. Since the judgment of heroic deeds lies in the culture that shapes an individual, different cultures value different traits in their heroes. In literature circles, heroism emanat es from both the culture of the author and the culture to which the hero belongs. Heroism not only focuses on the actions of an individual, but also the reasons behind their actions. According to the Greek culture, a hero must be a man with exceptional warrior characteristics; he should stand above other warriors in the society in all aspects; he must not only show warrior characteristics, but should also be intelligent and good in speech; he should endeavor to shun anything that intends to spoil his repute as a good warrior and finally he should have greater strength and courage than his fellow warriors who should freely acknowledge that he is the best warrior amongst them. These exceptional qualities make him legible for crowning as a leader. In the Greek history, a story is told of a man, Achilles, who possessed characteristics that the Greek culture reserved to heroes. A study of the Greek culture and its comparison to Achilles gives an important revelation: Achilles is a classi cal hero. This essay focuses on Achilles’ deeds and how they contributed towards his heroism. Achilles Heroic Characteristics Achilles is a swift runner. According to Lowrey, this character of swiftness comes out when â€Å"epithets referred to him as a man who was swift footed† (2). Swiftness is an important characteristic for individuals with the desire to excel in war or any other form of physical confrontation. With swiftness, one is able to easily capture or flee from an enemy during war. Besides, such people are able to perform better during competitions aimed at searching for true heroes of a given society. As a result, warriors all over the world cherish this trait and it is through it that Achilles gets crowned as a hero.Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides swiftness, Achilles possesses the characteristics of courage. Courage, as a trait enables an individual to do what the ordinary person cannot do on the grounds that, it has negative possible consequences or evokes fear of injury or death (Anderson, 12). As a result, one can take up any challenge regardless of any negative impeding consequences of such actions. The spirit of courageousness enabled Achilles to fight his enemies without fear of possible injury or death. This character trait as a courageous man also enabled him to storm out twelve cities of men both by sea through his ships and by land. Honestly, this is not an easy task! No wonder some of his people describe him as a lion-hearted man. According to Redfield, it is Achilles’ courage â€Å"that made him face any body in battle without fear† (39). In some instances, it is evident that people knew him as a man who ruthlessly and courageously tore his opponents in battle. This task cannot be possible for a timid individual; therefore, because of his courageous nature, Achilles pas ses for a hero. Achilles’ heroic deeds made people revere him so much that they gave him godly characteristics. They regarded him as a man who commanded fear all over because his actions evoked feelings of fear and terror (Jaeger, 35). This attitude of people towards Achilles portrays him as a special man deserving a special kind of treatment. His ability to break his opponents when at war and his physical superiority over all other warriors paints a picture of someone who elicits fear at his appearance. The fact that all other warriors fear and consider him as the best warrior explains why the society treats him with much reverence; he is a classical hero. Besides the reverence that people have towards him, Achilles has always been a source of fear before his enemies. This trait has always made him scary before his opponents. One of the goddesses in the Greek culture, goddess Hera reveals that the Trojans, who are rivals to Achilles’ community, tremble at the mention of Achilles. In yet another instance Patrocus refers to Achilles as a man â€Å"who is by far greater than the Achileans† (Lowrey, 2). As such, Patrocus says that none of the Achileans can surmount any kind of physical challenge to him. Such a statement not only cements the godly character of Achilles, but also confirms people’s belief in him as a man with significant superiority over his peers and opponents where it really matters. Based on these two instances it is quite clear that Achilles is a hero.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Achilles as a Classical Hero specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experience that Achilles undergoes while in Combat clearly brings out his heroic characteristics. As Achilles describes his combat experiences, the audience feels how he was â€Å"devoted to his people, fighting on their behalf to ensure that they enjoy their lives† (Lowrey, 3). In his expla nation, it is evident that Achilles spent so many sleepless nights throughout the time of war. He even loses his own blood during the war on behalf of his people; however, this damaging event or his weariness could not discourage him from fighting for the wellbeing of his people; a true character of a hero. He instead, continues to fight on without any fear of injury or death till the end of the war. From these actions, it is vivid that Achilles was a man with exceptional character and deserved to be honored as a hero. While in Combat, Achilles also reveals that all his selflessness and determination in war have seen him through difficulties. Selfness as a character trait refers to the ability of an individual to care not only about his own welfare, but also the welfare of others who are bound to benefit from his/her efforts no matter how small they may be. From the way Achilles describes his life during the war, one can tell that he possessed a selfless character. This selfless cha racter clearly comes out during the war period. Referring to this period, Achilles says that he put â€Å"everything aside and struggled with other warriors during the battle only for the sake of the women of his fellow men† (Seamus, 1883). The move by Achilles to consider the wellbeing of women belonging to other men exposes him as somebody who does not think of self gain out of his struggle. In addition, the fact that he is not married at the time of battle further proves that indeed, he is a selfless character. According to the Greek culture, selflessness is a trait of heroes; therefore, Achilles’ selflessness qualifies him to be a classical hero. Besides selflessness, Achilles possesses an enduring character. Endurance refers to the ability of an individual to persevere pain or suffering with the hope of achieving success in the end of the struggle. Achilles’ ability to endure comes out when he talks about the experience he had in Combat during the war time. During this trying period, he says that he spent sleepless nights for many days. This was because of his alertness against potential attack by their opponents and only endurance can help an individual to ward off sleep. Besides his sleeplessness, Achilles lost his own blood, not mentioning the pain he underwent through when he sustained the bloody injuries.Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite these sufferings in sleeplessness and loss of blood through injury, Achilles continued to fight on for the welfare of his people and in the end, he won the battle. It is this relentless spirit that enabled Achilles to emerge victorious in many wars against their enemies and therefore, his perseverance during war portrays him as a classical hero. Finally, the case of Achilles and Agamemnon also proves Achilles’ heroic characteristics. Achilles’ acts of heroism had earlier won him a much coveted prize. It however emerges that Agamemnon tried to take this prize away from Achilles in exchange of expensive gifts; seven strongholds and a daughter of as wife. Conventionally, these attractive offers by Agamemnon would obviously compel Achilles to consider taking the gifts in lieu of the coveted prize. However, to the surprise of many, Achilles handles this situation in the most rational manner; using his intelligence, he discovers that accepting these gifts would serve to show his acceptance of Agamemnon’s superior status; therefore, he refuses to take the gifts and the bride offer and instead decides to protect his higher status of heroism. To Achilles, heroism consists not in the abundance of material things or wives per se, but in character; enduring character. Very few people can readily make such an informed decision. This intelligent move by Achilles is in line with what the Greece culture expects from heroes like him. Consequently, these adherences to the Greek cultural values that govern heroism help bring out Achilles status as a genuine hero. Conclusion Heroism is a highly coveted trait in all the cultures across the continents. Before the relevant authorities crown an individual as a hero, they consider his/her achievements which should be extraordinary. In one such culture, the Greek, heroism is a function of an individual’s intelligence, physical appearances, physical capability and his contribution as a warrior in the battlefield. The Greek culture also requires that as a hero, one should always be ready to guard his superior status no matter the consequences or benefits that one would gain by conceding his superiority. Achilles is a classical hero according to the Greek culture mainly because he possesses all the characteristics needed to qualify an individual as a true hero. Achilles has physical superiority, has outstanding warrior characteristics that his fellow warriors readily acknowledge and he is not ready to relinquish his superior status; not even with a promise of expensive gifts and a bewitching bride. Anderson, William S. The Art of the Aeneid. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1969. Jaeger, Werner. Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939. Lowrey, Belen. â€Å"The Hero as a Reflection of Culture.† Journal of Ancient Spartan and  Greek History 23.9 (2005): 1-12. Redfield, James. Nature and Culture in the Iliad. Chicago: The Unive rsity of Chicago Press, 1975. Seamus, Heaney. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2006. 1880- 1903.

An Incident You Will Never Forget free essay sample

Certain incidents so impress us that they leave an indelible mark on our memory. I was once involved in an incident of which I shall always have vivid recollections. The incident occurred when I visited a village in India together with my parents, sometime during my holidays last year. Early in the morning on the day the incident occurred, I was talking with a few of my new friends in that village. All of a sudden, a boy of my age came rushing towards us to break the news that violence had broken out in the neighborhood. Alarmed at this news, we began to protect ourselves, and before long the violence spread like wild fire throughout our area. I was a little confused at first for I had no idea about the cause of the outbreak of violence there. One of my friends told me that the area had been notorious for such occurrence owing to rivalry between two parties. We will write a custom essay sample on An Incident You Will Never Forget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each party tried to destroy the influence of the other in that area, and the bad blood that existed between them had caused several deaths and great misery to innocent people for a long time. Official influence could not be exercised effectively in this area owing to its remoteness from the centers of authority. The members of the rival parties therefore enjoyed almost complete freedom of action. The police arrived only when there was news of violence, and often long after the damage has been done. While I was listening to this account of facts and events, the situation suddenly took an ugly turn. A man who had been standing a short distance away from us ran into his house most unexpectedly, and within minutes his house was ablaze. My friends and I then ran towards his house to put out the fire; but we were stopped by a few burly men who were holding lethal weapons in their hands. They threatened to kill if we offered any help to anyone. One of them had even struck me on my head with a stick. We realized instantly that we were no match for them and that discretion was the better part of valor. We therefore decided to proceed no further. Soon the fire from that house began to spread and several houses were burning. There were frantic cries for help. Men, women, and children were running in all directions in their desperate attempts to save whatever they could from the fire, in spite of the interference of the gangsters. A few of the unfortunate ones were burned to death, including the man who had set fire to his own house. We then concluded that the man must have been so disgusted with what we had seen for so long that he had no more desire to live, and this was his way of putting an end to himself. It was indeed a pathetic sight. Then, after several hours, the police arrived when more than a quarter of the village had already been burned to ashes. They asked us several questions to find out if we had ourselves participated in the violence. As I was foreigner who would be leaving that village the following day, I had the courage to answer all their questions and to point out the men who had threatened to kill us. Those men were then arrested together with other suspects. Early next morning, my parents and I left the village with no more desire to re-visit this place; but my memory of this incident will remain fresh forever.

Thomas Edison Speech essays

Thomas Edison Speech essays You get in your car on a Saturday night. You turn on the light in your car so that you can read the directions to the movie theater. Once you find out where to go you enter the theater and watch a movie. Following the movie, you get into your car and listen to your favorite album as you leave the theater. Now imagine a world without these things, and many more too. This is a world without Thomas Edison, one of the greatest inventors of all time. Thomas Edison was the man who brought light to the shadows. He was the man that made pictures move and talk. He was the man that brought music all over the world. He was the man that made the impossible possible. He was the man that made dreams realities. Thomas Edison was always a bright individual. He received his education from his mother until the age of twelve and exhibited extremely innovative behavior at a very young age. This innovative behavior led Thomas Edison to become one of the true geniuses of our time and it was apparent even in his young teens that Edison would change the world forever. The true marvel of Thomas Edison's brilliance was his keen understanding of complex mathematics and science, despite the fact that he stopped his schooling at the age of twelve. Despite this, Edison had a keen understanding of calculus and physics. Ask yourself this, what kind of math were you doing in sixth grade? However, his understanding of complex subjects such as these came second to his incredibly innovative mind. Edison is quoted saying, "I never pick up an item without thinking of how I might improve it." However, it takes a lot more then an idea to be a great inventor like Thomas Edison. No matter how smart a person may be, it means nothing without the perseverance and determination to meet their full potential. Edison is a shining example of this, no one worked as hard to reach their goals as Thomas Edison. Thomas Edison was born into a life or hardships. ...

Free Essays on Henryk Sienkiewicz And Chinese Labor In California, 1880

Henryk Sienkiewicz and Chinese Labor in California, 1880 Immigrating from Poland in 1876 â€Å"to establish a utopian community in Anaheim† (p164), Henryk Sienkiewicz observed and recorded many Chinese workers. In one of his documents, Henryk Sienkiewicz Appraises Chinese Labor in California, 1880, Sienkiewicz discusses how the Chinese contribute to capital and why their presence was so opposed by white workers. The author appears to be stating facts about the Chinese workers, explaining their pros and cons working in California, and discussing the attitudes of California residents in regards to their presence. Everything costs less because of their low cost of labor, yet is it the wealthy class that benefit from this low cost of labor and not the white working class? Ever since the immigration of the Chinese workers, prices for everything became lower. The Chinese worked for lower rates, and in turn, the prices for the public became lower. The Chinese were in most every field of work in California. They worked in the fruit orchards, hop-gardens, factories, private homes, restaurants, railroads, and vineyards. The Chinese workers immigrated as single men, leaving family back home. Upon collecting their earnings while working for lower rates, these men save. Not often will they go out into society to spend what they have made, but rather keep what they have to take back with them to China. Based on observing this, the goal of the Chinese seems to be personal and not community based. They are working to better their own lives not the societies they are working in. This is where the argument begins. Because they work for lower income rates are they contributing to society when it comes to outcome? These single men are controlling many of the work-related fields in California and are often preferred versus the white worker who usually has a family, kids, and a wife. The white workers are often in greater labored posit... Free Essays on Henryk Sienkiewicz And Chinese Labor In California, 1880 Free Essays on Henryk Sienkiewicz And Chinese Labor In California, 1880 Henryk Sienkiewicz and Chinese Labor in California, 1880 Immigrating from Poland in 1876 â€Å"to establish a utopian community in Anaheim† (p164), Henryk Sienkiewicz observed and recorded many Chinese workers. In one of his documents, Henryk Sienkiewicz Appraises Chinese Labor in California, 1880, Sienkiewicz discusses how the Chinese contribute to capital and why their presence was so opposed by white workers. The author appears to be stating facts about the Chinese workers, explaining their pros and cons working in California, and discussing the attitudes of California residents in regards to their presence. Everything costs less because of their low cost of labor, yet is it the wealthy class that benefit from this low cost of labor and not the white working class? Ever since the immigration of the Chinese workers, prices for everything became lower. The Chinese worked for lower rates, and in turn, the prices for the public became lower. The Chinese were in most every field of work in California. They worked in the fruit orchards, hop-gardens, factories, private homes, restaurants, railroads, and vineyards. The Chinese workers immigrated as single men, leaving family back home. Upon collecting their earnings while working for lower rates, these men save. Not often will they go out into society to spend what they have made, but rather keep what they have to take back with them to China. Based on observing this, the goal of the Chinese seems to be personal and not community based. They are working to better their own lives not the societies they are working in. This is where the argument begins. Because they work for lower income rates are they contributing to society when it comes to outcome? These single men are controlling many of the work-related fields in California and are often preferred versus the white worker who usually has a family, kids, and a wife. The white workers are often in greater labored posit...

Etiology and management of lower leg pain Essay

Etiology and management of lower leg pain - Essay Example Pain has got various types. One individual may respond differently to different types of pain and at the same time different individuals may respond differently to the same type of pain. Lower leg is a portion of the body which not only supports whole of the body but also helps in moving the body from one place to another. Weight bearing process may cause some damage to the lower leg structures but when some one is running then this damage may be multiplied. The damage could be related to soft tissue injury, like: muscle, tendons or to the bony tissue ranging from just a stroke to the compound fracture. Various types of trauma and the eventual result of this injury vary depending upon the force and angle of the force applied. As all these traumatic episodes pass through an inflammatory process so the affected individual feels pain accordingly. Although the iliotibial band extends from the ileum to the condyles of the tibia but after the damage caused due to any factor it results in lower leg pain. This is the most common cause of lateral knee pain among the athletes. The affected structure is the bursa surrounding the iliotibial band. The injury usually occurs in those individuals who perform tasks which involve repetitive flexion and extension activities, for example: athletes of soccer, aerobics etc. The presentation of the case is with severe pain in the knee and lower leg. Management: Local steroid injection Achilles tendon The causes of Achilles tendinopathy are still unclear and the explanation is given on the basis of some theories which link the pathology to a variety of mechanism or factors, like: overuse stresses, poor vascularity, lack of flexibility genetic characteristics, hormonal or metabolic factors and female sex. This topic is one of the areas of lower leg pain which have been studied extensively. Excessive loading of the tendon is no doubt an important factor involved in the injury; even damage can occur to the tendon if the stress to the tendon is within physiological limits. Management Conservative Avoidance of training program which end up in this injury Gentle static strengthening Correction nwith orthotics Cryotherapy Therapeutic ultrasound Pharmacologic support Low dose heparin, wydase etc Surgical treatment of the tendinopathy Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) This is one of the commonest causes of lower leg pain which manifests itself in the anterior compartment of the leg due to over usage. Tibial stress fracture In the lower leg, either of the two bones, tibia and fibula, can have stress fracture. Usually, the fracture appears on the lower end of the two bones on medial side. Predisposing factors are: Continuous muscle contraction

The impact of the Internet on the field of advertising Research Paper

The impact of the Internet on the field of advertising - Research Paper Example Moreover, the other important question is regarding the effectiveness of online advertising. It is said that the online advertising is less costly but whether the returns on investment from online advertising are more profitable than traditional advertising is another important question that needs to be answered. Kim & McMillan, (2008) believe that the internet is allowing companies to engage with consumers in a more interactive and personalized manner, which is why we see companies employing online mechanisms heavily for consumer related advertising. So how are companies exactly reaching out to customers via the internet is the question. Online promotion can take different shapes and forms, with firm’s using a combination of methods according to what they perceive is the best way to approach their target audience. Web marketing is one such method, whereby a corporation creates its own websites to inform customers of its products and services, places adverts on search engines or other relevant pages of affiliate websites to increase awareness, or makes its own page available to users who search for it using such search engines (Manchanda, et al., 2006). Email marketing is another technique whereby a firm sends promotional messages, newsletters, product updates etc. to the personal ema il accounts of its customers (Saeed, Hwang, & Grover, 2003). In some cases, potential customers who form the target audience are also included for wider reach if they subscribe to the service (Saeed, Hwang, & Grover, 2003). The third and perhaps the most powerful approach is social media marketing (Kim & McMillan, 2008). The internet has set up social networking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and GooglePlus which hosts large swathes of the world population. Firms have used this facility to their advantage by setting up their own company pages which not

Analysis of The Quote by Ellie Wiesel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of The Quote by Ellie Wiesel - Essay Example It is not only about violence, murder, and terror. All these negative causes are not so numerous in our lives. On the other side, people are more inclined to be lazy, greedy and, finally, indifferent to each other, in particular, and to the environment, on the whole. Needless to say, indifferent people are helpless in loving somebody. It is impossible for them, as they feel free to neglect the virtues of the moral and right attitude toward each other. Hence, indifference gives birth to a host of negative feelings where hatred and cruelty are at the core. Among the rest of the quotes by Ellie Wiesel, the aforementioned highlights the roots of the human tragedy today as it was in the past. In other words, seeing indifference in one’s actions and attitudes toward a person or the mankind, there is no way other than the redemption. Redemption from everything one dreamed about and thought of in a sweet memory. Day by day, this feeling would likely grow up until one loses the temper and does harm to the environment where he/she lives. The consequences may simply overgrow into a collapse of living in mutual understanding of peace. What is more, Wiesel is right when she strikes out the concept of â€Å"hate† as lower in the meaning compared to the concept of â€Å"indifference.† It is natural to anyone to get rid of any haunting prejudices about the negative meaning of indifference just because it is an ability to make a change. No one is likely to pinpoint the threat of indifference able to ruin lives of people in need. An abrupt halt of passion and desire to help and to keep up with those in need is like a heart failure for a serious patient, so to speak. Thus, indifference is a hidden trick of the devil on his way toward total destruction of morale and humane as the pivotal virtues of the societal life.   

Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking - Essay Example (Sloan 222). The lung is able to filter some of the beneficial substances in cigarettes though harmful chemicals leak into the lungs. Tar causes damage to airways of lungs and this could lead to unusual multiplication of cells in the lungs. As one continues to expose lungs to smoking, lungs experience irreversible changes in the cells. This specifically affects nucleus of the cells hence uncontrolled cell growth of cells in the lungs. Every puff smoke inhaled by a smoker either of tobacco or cigarette deposits tar that coats the lungs and may cause difficulty in breathing since there is no exchange of clean air from the atmosphere to lungs and vice-versa. Mouth cancer, also referred to as oral cancer cannot be evaded by smokers. People have been made to believe that smoking using cigars and pipes leaves less tobacco in the system. However, this is untrue since cigar and pipe smokers are at high risks of mouth cancer. The pipe-stem rests on the lip and exposes users to another great risk of lip cancer. Continued smoking or tobacco use is said to be the major cause of mouth cancer. Smoking causes irritation on the mouth surface. Burning of tobacco and its by-products is the base line of this irritation after interacting with mouth membrane. Moreover, cigars and pipes take some considerable time to burn and thus expose user to secondary smoke. Smoking could also lead to loss of teeth and other teeth illnesses. Smoking has a direct effect on the way the body responds to exercise. Exercise requires oxygen in the body. Smoking brings carbon monoxide in the body which reduces the level of oxygen in the body. As a result, there is increased heart beat since less oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream (Owing 166). The heart is overworked in an attempt to get more oxygen since carbon monoxide stops supply of oxygen. Thus, smokers have poor body fitness since the body cannot respond to any vigorous activity. Smoking

The Article Jihadi John and London's Culture of Gang Violence Assignment

The Article Jihadi John and London's Culture of Gang Violence - Assignment Example As the essay states many young Muslims living in London had joined ISIS. For example, Mohammed Emwazi alias Jihadi John has joined the ISIS where he is now an IS executioner. Mohammed Emwazi grew up in a fractured environment with high population, immense poverty, and high levels of crime like shootings, drug wars, and gang violence. According to the report finidngs Emwazi’s parents were middle class citizens and hence poverty may not have motivated the young British Muslim join radical Islamists groups. Emwazi was a member of the â€Å"London Boys† a criminal gang that operated in north-west London with an ultimate goal of financing radical Islamists groups. In the recent past, radical Islamists groups have been interacting with organized criminal gangs like the London Boys. Just like some other young Muslims in London, Emwazi joined the London Boys to escape from the alienation experienced in London. Even the police mistreated and suspected young Muslims of crime leading to the increasing Muslim prison in London where 27 % of all prisoners are Muslims. Radical preachers and their rallies helped Emwazi to understand his Islamic identity. Radical Islamists groups create a sense of brotherhood and unites Muslims thus attracting many young Muslims like Emwazi. The article notes that radical Islamist group like ISIS helped Emwazi and his peers to overcome tribal differences, escape uncertainty, and value their lives.

International Finance Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Finance Market - Essay Example Also, the importance of the capital asset pricing model for firms which want to evaluate their cost of capital, is explored in the next part. The link between CAPM, the required return on equity and the weighted average cost of capital is explored, with the help of various resources. There are many ways for the companies to raise the capital, the most common way is from stock markets, in this way the investor will be part from this company and the benefits will be based on the company performance and the company success is important for the shareholder. Another option is from bonds markets, in this way the bond owner does not have the ownership in the company and the benefit not very important for the bondholders, also the bondholder does not care about company success (Young, A 2009). For example if a firm undertake debt to finance the business, it will help the owner to retain the ownership but it will result in regular payment of interest and the lenders are less interested in success of the company, so if the owner relay more on debt fund, it will enhance financial risk. On the other hand if capital is raised through equity, then large volume of fund can be raise for longer time period and the investors will be more interested in growth and success of the co mpany but there will be loss of ownership as the equity share holders have the voting right to participate in decision making process. Bonds investment tools provide flexible funding and appropriate for companies, and at this time business companies need many way for funding, because the business sector now is changeable (Fadak, T 2004). Buy and sell debt was one of the main reasons for the occurrence of the global financial crisis, because that we have to be careful (Almarshad, M 2009). In my opinion In this argument I agree with the first writer, because at this time the business sector has many challenges and we must provide appropriate solutions for problem especially the problem of funding. A. Raising capital from bond and equity markets 1. The initial public offering When a company is in need of capital, there are two options which will comprise the mix of its capital structure: one is debt, and the other is equity. If the company chooses to raise capital from equity financing, there are also various options. One of these options include raising capital from financial markets such as the stocks market either through seasoned offering or a new issue, most commonly known as the initial public offering (Lee, I et al. 1996). The initial public offering takes place when a company decides to issue stocks that is available for the public's investors (Strategies for raising equity capital, 2003). The company employs underwriters-investment banks that first buy the securities from the issuing corporation and re-selling it to the investors-at-large (Szewczyk, H. S. et al. 1991). Underwriters usually help the issuing company to prepare the prospectus, which is a document that describes the company as well as its prospects. A lot of practitioners as well as academicians regard IPOs as one of the most costly ways to raise equity capital. IPOs are required, by law to be registered in the Securities and Exchange Commissions (Gay, K 1999). The issuing company pays for administrative and legal fees, which are part of the IPO registration (Lee, H. W. et al. n.d). 2. Seasoned equity

Duty of Care and Contractual Agreements in Architecture

Duty of Care and Contractual Agreements in Architecture Section 1 Clearly explain what particular requirements must be in place for a Contract to exist between two parties? For a contract to exist between two parties there must be evidence of three key principles. An intention between all involved parties to form a legally binding relationship. A consideration (usually monetary) for the agreement. The offer and acceptance of the stated agreement. The intention of a legally binding relationship from each party must be formal; a moral obligation alone is insufficient. As such, articles such The Memorandum of Agreement outline the requirements of parties when intending to enter a contract. For a contract to exist the promise must be enforceable with a consideration. It is the party who provides this bargain who enforces the contract. Once a consideration is provided, all parties are drawn into privity of contract. The consideration is decided by the parties involved and the level of adequacy is irrelevant, it must be offered and accepted for the agreement to mature into a contract. As such, an offer without an acceptance is merely a pre-contractual agreement, not binding in law. In any case, for a contract to exist all terms of the offer must be accepted and a consideration provided. However, there is no requirement for a written document for most types of contract. An oral contract is legally binding providing there has been acceptance of an offer. From a legal stand-point, difficulty can be avoided if documentary evidence is provided of an agreement. The four corners rule allows a contract to be recorded and subsequently is easier to enforce in law. Explain what is meant by the term Duty of Care and what are the implications upon the architect? A duty of care is a legal obligation in tort law imposed on the Architect requiring they exercise a standard of reasonable care and diligence whilst carrying out professional work that could foreseeably harm others. Any failure in an Architects duty of care can result in an action in negligence where they become liable in tort law. Furthermore, a duty of care is also applicable in agency outside of any contractual arrangement. It is not required that a duty of care be defined by law, however, it often develops through the jurisprudence of common law. In this respect, a duty of care can be interpreted as a formalisation of the social contract and implicit responsibilities of the individual towards others in society. It is an ARB requirement that Architects adhere to the established standards of the profession and exercise due skill, care and diligence,whilst carrying out professional work within agreed time-frames and without unnecessary delay. For a duty of care to be breached, the following must be true: Harm must be reasonably foreseeable of the defendants conduct. A relationship of proximity between the defendant and the claimant. It must be fair, just and reasonableto impose liability. Explain the term Joint and Several Liability and how does it impact upon particular forms of architectural Practice? Under Joint and Several Liability, a client may pursue an obligation against any single party as if they were jointly liable. The responsibility then passes to the defendants who must establish their respective percentages of liability and monetary payment. Therefore, if a claimant pursues a single defendant and receives all the damages, that defendant must then pursue the other libelous parties to obtain contributions proportionate to their share of liability. Joint and Several liability is most relevant in tort claims and most often invoked in cases of negligence. Architects seek to establish a clear and properly defined agreement with specific reference to the understanding and expectations of the client. These agreements provide an assured basis on which the commission can be undertaken. Furthermore, the chosen form of appointment will determine the limit of the Architects liability and accountability. Architects also seek to limit their risk and liability through their chosen form of architectural practice. For Example, Limited Liability Partnerships and Companies cannot be jointly or several liable with its members liability determined by their stakehold in the partnership or shareholding in the company. Explain what is meant by the term Lean Construction. Lean construction is a method of designing production systems to minimize the time, effort and material waste of a project to generate the maximum amount of value. The process itself is derived from the lean production system within the manufacturing industry. It is fundamental that the production system is designed through a collaboration of project participants (Client, Architect, Engineer, Contractor, Building Owner) at the earliest stages of the project. It is based on the premise that desired ends affect the means to achieve these ends, and that available means will affect realized ends. The principles of Lean Construction are as follows: Allow value to flow by systematically removing obstacles to value creation and dispensable processes that create no value. Optimisation of the system through collaboration and systematic learning. Priority on delivering the Client/End-user/Building Owners expected value. Creating Pull Production. The pursuit of perfection/continual improvement, involving everyone in the system. Lean construction supplements traditional construction management by considering material and information flow, focusing on the enhancement of the production systems value generation. Therefore, a project using the Lean Construction method should: Deliver maximum functionality. Benefit end-users with the lowest optimum cost of ownership. Eliminate the inefficiency and waste in the use of labour and materials. Involve specialist suppliers in design from the beginning to achieve integration and buildability. Establish performance and improvement achievements by measurement. Use a single point of contact for effective co-ordination and clear responsibility. Explain and define what is meant by a Letter of Intent. What are the circumstances under which it may be issued, what may be its objectives and what are the principal matters that it should contain? A Letter of Intent is a document that outlines an agreement between two or more parties before the agreement is finalised. They resemble written contracts but are not legally binding for the parties involved. However, letters of intent can contain provisions that are legal binding such as a covenant to negotiate in good faith, non-disclosure agreements and stand-still provisions that promise exclusive negotiation rights. It can also be interpreted as binding if it resembles a formal contract too closely. Therefore, the letter of intent is enforceable by the courts both in terms of the remuneration and the act. However, the letter of intent is not a contract; instead it is a unilateral agreement in which one party confirms an intention to enter a contract with another party. Most importantly, it must contain an instruction to act and confirmation of a consideration as payment. Letters of intent are usually issued to: Clarify the nature of complex transactions for the convenience of the parties involved. Provide safeguards in case of collapsed negotiations. Officially declare interest or intent. Allow work to continue quickly based on trust. Architects mainly use letters of intent for the purpose of negotiation. For example, following the first stage of tender, a letter of intent maybe issued to inform a contractor of their approval based on their proposal. The contractor can then contribute to the design before the second stage of tendering by providing detailed pricings and an overall building cost. Once the second stage of tendering is complete, a formal contract can be established between the parties. What are the principal factors that determine the choice of a particular contract form? To determine the most appropriate contract form, the Architect and client must first consider the priorities of the project in terms of time, cost and quality. These three factors are linked through a trade-off paradigm: Time results in increased cost and decreased quality. Cost results in increased time and decreased quality. Quality results in increased cost and increased time. They are all related and inter-dependant. If time is the priority, then the procurement method must allow sufficient time to consider all of the design issues properly at the pre-contract stage. The client is afforded predictability and additional time can be saved by allowing the contractor to resource their own materials, effective management, real-time planning and overlapping detailed design phases with actual construction. If cost is the priority, then a financial limit must be established that a contract sum cannot exceed. Certainty of cost is dependant upon comprehensive design, drawings and specification that accurately assesses cost at the tender stage. If quality is the priority, the issue and degree of quality in the finished building must be clearly defined and established from the outset through a specification. Also, the measure of quality must also be defined. The choice of contract type is also directly related to the chosen type of procurement. Each type of procurement type uses standard contract forms that are known and accepted by the industry. Most architects choose to use these standard forms as they are comprehensive, address common construction situations and take account of current legal decisions. Factors such as the complexity, size and overall value of the project may also inform the procurement route or contract type. In all situations the Architect as the lead consultant has the duty to advise the client of the long-term implications of their decisions. Section 2 The Design and Build process of procurement has been endorsed by the Public Sector as the preferred procurement option, on the basis that it is claimed that it offers certainty of contract sum and brings certain cost benefits. Consider and discuss the merits or otherwise of this approach in comparison with the Traditional method of procurement with particular reference to the role of the architect. (70 marks). Design and Build is a procurement method for project delivery whereby an individual contractor is contractually responsible for both the design and construction of a project. In recent years, the public-sector has moved towards Design and Build as the chosen procurement path as opposed to the traditional, three-party arrangement where design and construction are separately contracted. The public-sectors interest in Design and Build can be attributed to several potential benefits that are not always obtainable through alternative procurement methods. The following points outline the advantages. The Design and Build procurement route provides a single source of responsibility as the contractor is singularly responsible for any defect in both the construction and design of the project. This is of particular benefit to the building owner or client, who does not have to define whether such defects are brought about by a deficiency in design or construction. Instead, the contractor is jointly and severly liable for the complete works. In a traditional contract, it is the client who must first determine the nature and cause of a problem, before deciding whether it is the designer or contractor who is at fault. Design and Build is also a popular route for the public-sector client as the contractor is obliged to bear any additional cost that results from inadequate or defective plans provided by the design team. In a traditional contract, the client warrants the sufficiency of the plans and as such is liable for any increased cost because of inadequate design. In the Design and Build contract, it is the contractor who is responsible for the projects design as well as the construction. They are hired to meet the clients specific performance specifications rather than merely construct the building as in the traditional contract procurement. Hence, if the plans are inadequately drafted or designed, the contractor is unable to seek compensation from the client. It is widely recognised that Design and Build contracts enable a project to be completed within a shorter time-period than the traditional three-party arrangement. The interface between the designer and contractor, often adversarial in the traditional method, can become more open and hence foster a more co-operative arrangement and exchange of ideas that can make the project a faster process. Time savings are also made by fast-tracking construction of known elements before the specifications and drawings of unknown elements are complete. The phased-nature of the design essentially allows work to commence on site whilst the later phases of the project are still being designed. The same time-savings are unable to be made within a traditional contract as the contractor does not usually even submit a tender, let alone start work on-site, before the design and drawings of the Architect are finalised. The responsibility for meeting local controls such as planning, bylaws and legislation is placed with the contractor, which usually results in increased efficiency. The phased nature of the Design and Build method also allows the contractor to have increased control of the project and can result in lower costs for the client. The specific control of detailed design enables the contractor to use familiar construction methods and materials which increase the efficiency of the build process. By staggering the construction process, the contractor is able to order materials for upcoming phases, ahead of time and at a lower cost. The savings made on labour, materials and time are all passed on to the benefit of the client. It is considered that the Design and Build method reduces the requirement for independent professional representation. Public sector clients often prefer to limit the number of points of contact to restrict the amount of time, effort and in-house staff it requires to undertake a project. Often it will use Design and Build in conjunction with privatisation, whereby it contracts an independent party to undertake responsibilities previously held by the Government, such as land acquisition, project finance, design, construction, operation and ownership. This method, in its most complete form is represented by the turnkey and package deal options, whereby the client is uninvolved for the majority of the project and presented with the completed building. However, it is desirable to have an independent third party (usually an Architect) for the purpose of quality control. Without a third party, the contractor, who is hired to complete the project promptly and economically, also has the task of assessing the quality and quantity of its own work. Hence, the contractor has a potential conflict of interest and is likely to reduce quality in order to satisfy the clients other requirements. With the presence of a third-party, the client/owners interests are represented during the design and construction. Clients choose Design and Build contracts as usually a fixed price and contract sum can be negotiated. The client specifies the maximum price it is willing to pay for the project before it solicits a proposal from the Design and Build contractor for its specifications, configuration and materials. However, difficulty can arise when there is an increase in the cost of work and construction. The contractor can sometimes abuse the situation by recouping costs in other areas of the project and without a third party, the client finds it far more difficult to detect and control such situations than in a traditional contact form. Therefore, most Design and Build contracts are lump-sum and fixed price, but payments are completed on a cost-plus basis to facilitate potential increases in cost. Also, payments tend to be dependant on the achievement of project milestones. This allows the contractors progress to be measured and assessed by the client, allowing easier negotiation in terms of compe nsation where costs have significantly increased under a fixed-price contract. However, the Design and Build route is not without potential problems. Many architects, clients, building owners and contractors have varying opinions about the successes of this procurement type. The following points are amongst the potential disadvantages to using Design and Build in the public-sector. If a public-sector client chooses the Design and Build procurement path it is difficult to actively compare preliminary proposals from multiple contractors. The contractor is only responsible for satisfying the clients performance specification; therefore the designs may be wide-ranging in aesthetic and prioritise different issues depending on the contractors individual stand-point. As in the turnkey approach, the client or eventual building owner has little input into the design and final appearance of the building and as such, may be unsatisfied with the result. Also, as the contract is entered into by negotiation rather than competitive tendering, the client may not always achieve the lowest cost for the building. Therefore, unlike the traditional route, if a client wants to attract multiple preliminary proposals, they must provide an individual consideration for each contractor that submits a design package. This is a cost often overlooked in debating the value of Traditional vs. Design and Build procurement, as these fees are separated from the contract sum in the case of Design and Build. Another problem with tendering a Design and Build contract is the potential for the building to become a competition in under-design. Contractors will seek to meet the clients outline requirements whilst sacrificing quality, life-span, ease of maintenance, and value in a bid to offer the minimum price. In placing responsibility for both the design and construction in the contractors hands, the client forfeits control. Therefore the client has little input in assessing sub-standard work, claiming for variations, debating extensions of time or even using a termination clause due to excessive delay. To combat against this, it is again advisable to use a third-party design professional who can check the value and realism of the tendered bid. However, the monetary and time savings inherent to Design and Build contracts then become nominal as the time-period and expertise needed by the third-party to check the work of the contractor is both expensive and time-consuming. Such a third party can be appointed independently by the client, or be appointed through consultant switch or novation if they are the original designer/design team. Also, contractors seek to recoup the outlay of unsuccessful tenders with their successful tenders; therefore, the client will always pay a small premium for the work of their chosen contractor. Another disadvantage to the Design and Build arrangement is the difficulty of obtaining long-term contractual protection in terms of the suitability of the work. Many contractors use contracts where such insurance is prohibitively expensive and resultantly, commercially unviable for the client. Therefore, it is the clients responsibility to be aware of the extent of coverage of the contractors liability insurance. In the event of a defect in the design or construction of the project, the client may be unable to recuperate anything if the contractors insurance coverage or assets are insufficient to pay compensation, regardless of whether liability can be determined. Public sector clients often choose the Design and Build procurement route as the available financial resources of a contractor are normally greater than that of the professional individual or architectural practice, in the event of a post-completion failure. A potential problem with liability can arise when the Design and Build contractor hires an Architect as a sub-consultant. Most contractors professional indemnity insurance does not cover damages caused by defective design or specifications prepared by the Architect. Conversely, the Architects professional indemnity insurance does not cover damages caused by defective labour, materials or operations during the contractors construction process. Therefore, the contractor offers a warranty for an agreed (but usually limited) time-period based on the notion of negligence. However, the commercial and financial pressures of the Design and Build contract compel the contractor to essentially under-design the building as far as possible making failures within the building an increased likelihood. As a result, there is often a need for litigation to define whether the economy of the project surpasses the expected level of professional responsibility at the time of design and construction. Therefore in order to protect their building, the client should seek to obtain a warranty that guarantees the completed building is suitable for its intended purpose, regardless of defects incurred by the contractor. In the public sector, Design and Build contracts are usually awarded on subjective criteria such as value, experience and qualification. The public sector in particular has developed contractor evaluation and selection policies that try to mitigate against the risk of such subjective judgments. In many cases this is achieved by awarding contracts based on a point-scoring system with the highest scorer being appointed. However, this discretional points system implemented by public managers offers little objectivity in determining the adequate point allocation for individual elements of the proposed scheme. For instance, there is hardly any way to decide whether one contractors foundation system warrants 20 points or a different contractors warrants 22, it is completely subjective. Also the criteria used for marking generally do not relate to the specific building type, therefore analysing a contractors qualifications and experience presents a measure of competence but does not guarant ee a successful project outcome. There is also difficulty in reasonably comparing alternative design proposals in an effort to determine which represents the best value. For example, some contractors may offer higher quality plumbing whilst others offer better electrical systems. Therefore it is impossible to draw reasonable conclusions from dissimilar bids in terms of which proposal offers best value. Often, value can only be determined after the building has been completed. In conclusion, public owners look for procurement systems that meet the needs of the public whilst mitigating against legal problems and reducing administrative burden. The public-sector has favoured the Design and Build approach as the client can guarantee a total fixed project cost early in the process and the building can be constructed in a shorter time-period with more efficiency than other procurement systems. The contract type also allows an exploration of new solutions through an open dialogue between architect and contractor, in which the public benefit from the innovation and lower costs. As a result, the public-sectors involvement with Design and Build has increased over recent years. Fundamentally, the public requires its construction projects to be durable, environmental, functional and most importantly, fit for purpose. At the same time, it expects the government funded projects to represent good value and be economic in nature. Therefore, the public itself has little involvement or interest in which procurement system is utilised, however, they expect each project to fulfill its stated requirements within its allocated budget. It is the view of the public-sector, that Design and Build is the system best equipped to meet the publics expectations and provide the most transparent value for projects that are ultimately funded by the tax-payer. Bibliography Lupton S. Architects Job Book. (RIBA Enterprises 7th ed.) Chappell D Wills A. The Architect in Practice. (Blackwell Publishing 10th ed.) ARB. Architects Code: Standards of Conduct and Practice. (November 2002) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_and_Build http://www.lao.ca.gov/2005/design_build/design_build_020305.htm