Sunday, March 31, 2019

Body ownership

Body sustainershipBody Ownership The sense of ones own organic structure has been a subject of debate among look forers for many years. It is argued to be a very specific type of knowledge, illustrated as being a non-conceptual and bodied (e.g., Kant, 1781/2003 Bermu dezas cited in Lango, et al., 2007). It has been argued that this type of knowledge, often referred to as embodiwork forcet (Arzy, Overney, Landis, Blanke, 2006), bodily egoism (Bermudez, 1998 Legrand, 2006), or corporeal aw beness (Berlucchi Aglioti, 1997 Critchley, 1979) is compulsory, to association various types of sensory training (Kant, 1781/2003 Johnson, 1987 Lakoff, 1987 Merleau-Ponty, 1945/1962 Piaget, 1937/1954 as cited in Lango, et al., 2007). In other words, one has to puddle nigh sort of knowledge of ones own body in order to nonplus emotions and sensations. It has been argued that gaining this type of knowledge is crucial for formation of personal psychological identicalness (Cassam,1997 Edel man, 2004). Rubber hand illusion allows for the manipulating the brain into perceiving an external object- the caoutchouc hand, as being a representation of the body (Tsakiris Haggard, 2005). Self aw atomic number 18ness has been argued to be to the highest degreely represented by the sense of the body ownership. Moseley( et al., 2008) provoked the rubber hand illusion and demonstrated one of rubber hand illusions motions- pickings ownership of an artificial counterpart- which leads to decrease in the temperature in the real hand. They rig that this phenomenon was limb-specific, in other words similar effect baffle non been found to occur in the not stimulated hand. They argued that this is phenomenon is demonstrating that physical self-importance and the physiological regulation of self argon closely linked in the top down manner to an oneness(a)s body ken. It also seems likely that if body sentiency is disrupted by cognitive processes, that might lead to changes in the b ody temperature regulations, in the rubber hand illusion case, making it decrease. This therefore leads to conclusion that if an several(prenominal)s starts perceiving and artificial body part it will have an effect on the rest of the body (Moseley, 2008). Body ownership has been argued to be a sort of knowledge that that your body belongs to you, and is constantly there, is a basis for the purview of self-awareness. Individuals suffering from for example schizophrenia, autism, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia have been found to have a disturbance in their body ownership. These disorders have also been found to have a connection to the shift of the body temperature regulations (Moseley, 2008). Moseley (et al., 2008) has demonstrated that such disruption in the body ownership can be a solvent of a Rubber Hand antic. RHI consequences in participants perception that the touch they are experiencing is actually an effect of the stimulation given to the rubb er hand. That consequence in participants taking an ownership of the rubber hand. Additionally, Moseley (et al., 2008) found that there was a affirmative correlation between the vividness of the rubber hand illusion experience and the decrease in the skin temperature in the adequate hand. This suggests that the more an individual experiences the RHI the more will the temperature in their hand decrease. The Rubber Hand Illusion has been argued to involve interaction between tactual, visual, and proprioceptive inputs to the brain. In this type of illusion, the tactile sensations are admitted to the rubber hand (Botvinick Cohen, 1998) Interception is a notion involving two unlike types of perception the prioprioception, that is a perception sensitive to the signals gained from the skin as intumesce as musculoskeletal apparatus and the visceroceptoon, which mains focus are the signals originating from the inner variety meat (Vaitl, 1996). Interoception in therefore not only as study of breast and gastrointestinal regions and actions, but also respiratory, genitourinary and endocrine systems, as sanitary as changes in chemical, osmotic and volume of tissue. It provides learning about the express of the body that could have an influence on individuals on the psychological level, as they are related to the emotional experience , conscious awareness, and higher doings (Cameron, 2001). Awareness , on the other hand, can be described as knowledge of the fact of ones existence(Craig, 2009). Interoceptive awareness can therefore be defined as an ability to experience and distinguish between individual sensations a person experiences (Critcheley et al.,, 1999). The concnept of interoception has been cognize for houndreds of years, In 1896, a physiologist, Sherrington, described the sensory nerve receptoprs responding to the stimuli from the body as interoceptors. These days, one of the most well known theories of the interoceptive processes, is the James-Lange pos sibility of emotions. William James was one of the first psychologists and philosophers to argue that the viscer-afferent information, that is, the information gained from the central inner body organs, had a close realation to emotion undergo at that time (Pollatos, Herbert, Matthias Schandry, 2006). Lange on the other hand, was a physiologist who studied the wedge of the emotions on the changes occurring in vasomotor system, such as for example press and dilating of blood vessels (Cameron, 2001). Lange focused his theory on the idea that emotions are reactions to changes in vasomotor system per se ( Cameron, 2001). In their book, The Emotions (1922) they argue that an individual necessarily to be aware of the changes in their bodily signals to experience the emotions as sycg. In other words, the subject provoking emotions, is a direct reason for those changes and emotions are therefore simply our reaction to those changes. This theory became now one of the most influential the ories on the way human perceive emotions(Benner Hacker, 2005)The other theory related to interoception is the one proposed by Damasio. In his perspective the more ideal individual is in perceiving their bodily signals, the more extreme emotions they expon, however somewhat(prenominal) argue that this might erience (Pollatos et al., 2005) There are some significant differences in the ability to perceive the interoceptive awareness. Research has established that women are worsened at perceiving their affectionbeat than men (Kollenbaum, 1990, Katkin et al., 1981 as cited in Vaitl, 1996). The same(p) is authentic about other interoceptive activity awareness- women perform worse than men on tasks gastic motility, finger temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar level (Vaitl, 1996). Additionally, research has suggested that younger community are break in at perceiving their interoception, however some argue that this might be related to the fact that younger people usually have lowe r fat levels that people in the elderly age (Cameron, 2001).Another, interpersonal difference in effect on the interoceptive tasks is defined by possible presence of any type of nature or mental disorder. It hs been found that individuals suffering from anxiety disorders and panic attacks are more likely to score superiorly high on the tasks testing predisposition to interoceptive awareness (Critchley, WIens, Rotshtein, Ohman Dolan, 2004 Ehlers et al., 2000). Opposite was found to hold true for individuals try with depression and somatoform (Mussgay et al., 1999). Other clinical issues have been shown to also affect the performance on the interoceptive awareness. Individuals suffering from different types of cardio-related disorders, such as for example, arrhytmias and kind palpitations (Ehlers et al., 2000 as cited in Pollatos at al., 2006) have been shown to performe worse than healthy controls on interoceptive awareness tasks (as measuringd by heartbeat count performance) . The same is true for patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy (Leopold Schandry, 2001).Another important thing change the performance on the interoceptive task, is the position individual is in- the most wide scores are obtained when an individual is stanind, and the most accurate when they are dissimulation down. Suggested explanations for this phenomenon are the cardiodynamic changes occurring as a result of gravity (Cameron, 2001).Additionally it has been suggested that the parting of the fat in the body was also correlated to the performance on the heart beat tasks- the less fat content an individual had, the better he scored on the cardiac activity task (Jones, 1987 as cited in Vaitl, 1996). One of the most extensively used methods for checking the ability individual to thed have to perceive their own interoception is related to the cardiac action. This includes the ability to detect single heart beats as well as changes in their heart beat per se. Methods allowing stu dying of cardiac action include the discrimination tasks, created to measure the ability to detect individual heart beats, as well as tracking techniques which were set to assess the ability to sense heart rate, by counting the by counting the heart beats during a certain period of time (Cameron, 2001).Positive correlation between changes n the force of emotions and the ability to detect changes occurring within the body has been found by Wiens et al. (2000). In the study, Wiens (et al., 2000) used visual stimuli to manipulate the motions a person was experiencing and assessed the interoceptive awareness by asking individuals to count their heart beats.Similar study was conducted and account by Pollatos, Gramman and Schandry (2006), where positive correlation was found between interoceptive awareness and the intensity of emotions experienced.

Inequality In Education Major Problems In The Society Education Essay

Inequality In Education Major Problems In The Society Education EssayInequality in development is coupled to the study problems in the parliamentary law. The need for studies to be through to find ship canal of over coming these inequalities is truly inevit competent. The means of mitigating these inequalities be important for the entire world. This is just aboutthing of great bear on payable to the fact that children need quality fostering which is a towboat for a guaranteed future. Equality in reproduction will to a hulky extent, guarantee both human being a weaken post in the fiat (Pardeck, 2008). Causes of difference in fostering range from brusque government policies, capitalistic nature of society to poor people caution of direction schemes. This paper is very important as it brings out study builds of contrast and how they can be communicate. (In the introduction you could pretend defined what inconsistency in knowledge is all(prenominal) in a ll in all about.)Discussions on Inequality in EducationThe ult studies build that dissimilarity in training is roughthing which is virtually everywhere roughly the world. Inequality in commandment can be linked to the paltry rate of development in the society. Social problems faced in variant parts of the world also point to a certain degree, the discrimination in education. Education inequality brings with it problems which governments and nations lease tried to solve tho in vain. (Dewey, 2009). Solutions pack been put forth to address the inequality in education.There atomic chip 18 a number of issues which play a major role towards the promotion of inequality in education. For instance, tribal and racial lines apply in the formulation of education fox been a major cause of inequality. This has brought about disparity between individuals who get quality education and those are sidelined in the process. In some countries with varied races, education is pop the q uestiond in a style which is unequal. This is manifested when one sexual activity is upgrade in terms of the education at the expense of the different (Pardeck, 2008). When education is provided a pine sex lines, some groups will receive ameliorate education than differents causing inequality in society in terms of economy.Another important thing is with the homework of education to the disabled children and individuals the less fortunate at bottom in the society. In the provision of such education, individuals with disabilities are often sidelined. This has be nonplus one of the prominent causes of inequality with the kind of in education that is being provided. When the disabled are not given the education they do require, it becomes very hard for them to have equality in education compete on equal root with the normal concourse. Inequality in education has been noted in very many parts of the world and hence it is inevitable to come up with tolerate solutions (this execration is just a repetition) It is only when education has been is provided equally on equal basis to all when, can societal goals and other developments tends get to be easily urinated (Joseph Russo, 2009).A number of issues have been cited which appear to escalate this kind of inequality in education patterns inwardly the society. To begin with. One of the issues is prejudice becomes one of the which is a major tools which gain ground inequality within a society, and much so when it has been is bred within the society itself. This is something which breeds hatred, and so soon most often all top management shall be have engaged in procedures and mechanisms which have been aimed at compromise the achievements of others (Dewey, 2009). This means that the kind of education being passed taught into to different groups shall will unquestionably be unequal. and some Some racial groups and families shall be are favored by the system more than others. Another thing is that t he materials for educational social occasion shall be are passed across in a manner which is guide and which favors one group of individuals than at the expense the other.The current statistics (which statistics? Show them?) show that in that location is a potbelly of inequality in education within the verdant (which land is this?), and such has remains something which is highly irrefutable. Over the years, some indexes (what are these indexes, you are talking about? You will be better understood if you write as over the years, inequality in education in society is best shown by the breathing index of the batch. The high the nutrition index, the better their education was. Try to link sentences,) had been founded found which would efficaciously determine the kind of inequality within the education. To begin with, the first court had been through the observation of living standards within the society (Banks, 2009). Mark you, the people who had been receiving the best of e ducation over the past years have been able to have better living conditions. For instance, eighty six percent of the individuals who corporeal quality education have prestigious purportstyles and the remaining having better living standards and lifestyles (This is a statistic, where did you get the percentages from? You need to cite this sentence).Women who had not been given appropriate education delinquent to the existing inequality leave in clear poverty. This has been the case with the majority of the minority racial groups. Inequality in education is something which has continued manifest even in the present days. More and more women continue to face such hardships especially when hard to give their children better education which does them right (Joseph Russo, 2009). The fact that remains is that very many people have been greatly impacted by the inequality in education. It becomes a very significant and important issue of discussion in trying to come up with basic fo undations and engagements through which equality can be achieved. This will en undisputable that all women get the right education which in the long agitate improves their living conditions.Impacts of the InequalityIn real sense, there has been the presentation of journal materials which have been able to provide a lot of data describing the inequality in education. There are many journals that provide far enough data that talks about inequality in education. Such materials have shown how the education system in this country (which country? Dont show you are cooking, talk about the world if you are not sure) has been very unfair and how it has been torn apart through racial lines and thence leading to failed status with the education delivery ( solely write about the journals citing them. Just write Author so and so says blab bla bla). Because of this kind of inequality in education delivery, and which has been in place for quite a long time, majority of the unfortunate members of the society have been greatly impacted. This has led to failed living conditions in different parts of the world You are just reiterate this point.(Banks, 2009). As well, it has become very hard to have some issues addressed such as with provision of medical aids and care due to the fact that the providers of such services have been on the decline (How is this sentence related to inequality in education?). One outstanding fact is that the failed provision of education and accompanying inequality had been a major reader to the problems in the country such as lack of medical personnel, nurses and other professionals (how).In that case, there have also been increased cases of insecurity due to increased poverty, and this has led to the proliferation of the number of criminals and robberies as well (always relate your sentences to inequality in education, like this one). Another thing is that there has been the increase if do drugs cartels in trying to search for ways and tactics of survival (sentence has poor grammer)(David, 2002). Basically, when there has been inequality oin education, chances are very high negative societal impacts will develop. It therefore becomes very hard to reverse such developments and as well making life very hard. This is something worth studying and coming up with solutions of addressing the inequality in education.When we talk of inequality of education, we shall see that the minority groups and wrong racial groups had always fell victims, and also the disabled had suffered in this mix of inequality (David, 2002). Basically, very many historical developments in the country (which country) have been able to define the groups and individuals who have become victims of inequality in education. It is the high time when we should change everything and come up with new foundations towards a long lasting equality in education. This will build sure that the best of living conditions have been realized for all members of the society.Ba sically, this issue of inequality is very important within the society as it defines the economic developments which shall be realized in the society. In that case, there should be measures and adoptions which make it manageable to realize equality in the societys education system (Scovronick Hochschild, 2006). When this issue has been studied, the major causes of continued inequality shall be established, and from there it shall be possible to come up with foundations through which such weaknesses and loopholes shall be addressed, and from there realize long lasting impressions within an equal education system.What has to be agreed upon, and which proves the brilliance of this issue, is that any kind of education system should be viewed as something which has the cater of determining the quality of life through which a given society shall live. The trick thus shall be in making sure that all the forms and functions of education systems have been appropriately monitored. This is important in ensuring that the best of education has been provided and as well make sure that all the societal issues have been addressed and as well deliver the quality of education onto the learner. The provision of appropriate education is necessary as this will make life much better for all the people within the society. This is the major dry land why this issue is very important, and the reason all people within the society should be provided with the necessary tutors and learning materials which fosters quality education.Solutions to the ProblemFrom the major studies which have been done on this issue, there have been a number of provisions and proposals which appear to adequately present solutions to this inequality in education which has been faced in the country. To begin with, the first thing which should be done is to have all schools and institutions to have tutors who are gender sensitive and who have no prejudice or favor towards one gender. Further there should be e qual provision of learning materials and resources for all students regardless of the gender. This is necessary as it makes delivery of education equal and in the long run making it possible to disintegrate this kind of inequality in education which has been faced.The governments should put in place which protect girl child and make it mandatory for parents to educate all their children on equal measure. The importance of gender of gender education and equality in education should be promoted and boost in society.Another solution is in making sure that the government provides all the necessary financial support and material support so that there shall be any kind of inequality in the education system (Scovronick Hochschild, 2006). A proper education system can also be established which favors everyone so that the best of education is delivered. This is done by having all personnel being put in place so that the service delivery can be done in the best manner possible. It is hence the role of the government and states to fund education in a manner which promotes education provision, and by so doing making it possible to realize the best of goals in the education system.ConclusionInequality in education is something which has been witnessed not only in this country but elsewhere. In real sense, this brings very many failed statuses in the society and the reason there should be the derivation of procedures which addresses such forms of inequality. Education is one of the major foundations of the society which promotes identification of economic goals and at the same time making sure that different individuals end up living better lives. This should be the dream of every nation towards the development of the economy.

Communication Theory Has Emerged Media Essay

Communication Theory Has Emerged Media Essay antithetic schools of thought have define parley in many ways. nonable scholar, G.G. Brown defines talk as transfer of swearation from one somebody to another, whether or not it elicits confidence. But the study transferred must be graspable to the receiver. On the other hand, Fred G. Meyer defines conference as the intercourse by words, letter or messages. Nonetheless, the central theme in all these definitions is the exchange and lam of breeding between two or more parties. This may result to the use of both(prenominal) verbal and non-verbal cues.Evidently, talk affects human livelihood and its behaviour and there is need to demonstrate how it affects undivided actions. Thus, an introspection of how conference system has emerged from the pre-christian era to humourrn times responds to the need of explaining individual actions. The history of conversation dates back to time immemorial, with significant variation in co mmunication technologies evolving in tandem with shifts in socio-political and economic systems. Various modes of communication have after emerged with the passage of time and technological advancements. On the other hand, we are solace able to trace the history of communication to oral and written quarrel.An brainwave into how communication surmise came into being is demonstrated in the Holy Bible. In the aging Testament book of Genesis chapter one, verse three, it reads And God said, allow there be light, and there was light This ex complotion of communication serves to doom that communication existed since time immemorial. God was able to undertake creation finished His speech. Again, get ahead credence to the foundation of communication possibility presents itself in the newly Testament by dint of the book of John chapter one, verses one to two In the beginning there was the Word. The Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. Once G od created man, He was able to connect with him by words. This is revealed through the stories of Adam and Eve, Abraham, Noah, Moses and many others in the bible. Further, God communicated with prophets, and his people through visions, dreams, words, signs and symbols.Notably, the Old Testament portrays the usage of communication through figures of speech, especially through metaphors. Metaphors were widely used to intimate deeper meaning in speech and writing. This attribute is well observed in the books of Proverbs and Psalms. As such, the pre-christian era was well founded in communication through language use and its mastery. The same applies to the Christian era as well which derives much of its communication foundation from language mastery. This is well exemplified through Jesus parables.Aside from the religious views of communication theory, there is alike the philosophical basis for communication theory. The proponents of this school of thought are mainly Hellenic philo sophers and historians ranging from Aristotle, Isocrates, Socrates and Plato. From their insights emerged the theory of magniloquence. notwithstanding both Isocrates and Sophists maintaining that rhetorics objective is persuasion, Isocrates promoted its use for human feeler while Sophists held the view that rhetorics purpose was for self-praise and thrift. Given the divergent views on the purpose of rhetoric, Plato also weighed in on the matter showing spare to dialectic than to the manner of oral presentation. As such, he favoured the use of moderateness and rationality in arguments. On the other hand, Aristotle sought to chart a defining measure to communication theory as the mode by which a person interacts with his/her audience.Due to the insights of the aforementioned philosophers, rhetorical theory has genuine to become a solid basis by which communication is defined in many sectors. Persuasion of individuals by communication extends beyond politics, media, journalism an d even religion. This is achieved through the use of Aristotles Rhetoric principles which include invention, ar holdment, style, persuasion and memory.Despite there being many classes of communication theories, including the seven traditions (classical rhetoric, semiotics, phenomenological, cybernetic, well-disposed psychology, socio cultural communication, and critical traditions), thee major classifications can be adopted by mode of cast Rhetoric theory as a result of the influence of oratory speech complaisant communication theories resulting from socio-political changes and theories of mass communication as a result of journalism spread. In its modern form today, rhetoric theory is interrelated with traditional forms of communication theory, e.g. semiotics. Through the propagation of textbook in print media or images in visual media, which are both sign elements, the mass audience is able to be persuaded along cultural lines. As such, signs and symbols are continually employ ed in oratory speech to move masses and influence their perception of issues.On the socio-political scope, theories such as Authoritarian, Free press, Commmunist and Social state are notable. These theories help explain communication theory evolution in the wake of various social-political changes in the society. Significantly, these theories tensionsed on the beginning of information dissemination to large population groups and the incident influence on the political class e.g. the governments. Again, they pronounce some of the social plights and classification within society attributed to information approach path. As authoritarian leading was the norm before the widespread prevalence of print media, governments took it upon themselves to restrict watercourse of information to the common people, and as such, lay offdom of expression was strictly guarded. Consequently, the elite group class would deprive the common people the right to information and access through controlli ng media sources. As a result therefore, print media was in low circulation and only accessible to the few due its then senior high price. Nevertheless, with the clamour for free will in the 17th century, Libertarianism/Free press took over. This was significantly influenced by the emergence of print media which in time became affordable to the common populace and reflective of their views which were previously gagged under authoritarian leadership.On the other hand, as free press offered an avenue for expression of free will, it was noted to be devoid of social responsibility. This necessitated the need for checks and balances, especially with the schooling of other communication media such as radio, television and film. Social responsibility therefore advocated for accountability through government and self regulation in order of magnitude to promote social welfare and equity. Free press was further limited by the communist theory which promoted media control in the make-beli eve of stampive press freedom. Consequently, the medias role was to educate but not to inform the general populace. In addition, the population was expected to post opinion on issues cover by the media so as to foster the so-called greater press freedom and institute greater audience participation. In effect therefore, the Communist theory was associated as a counter to capitalism crusade where the media was in the control of a few media elites and only serving their interests.However, the twentieth century marked a dramatic shift in communication theory evolution. This was brought about by advancement in communication engine room to spur the spread of journalism. Notable events that defined this spread included the item of the World Wars which depicted the strength of information pre-, during, and post war. Information was a tool in itself during the warring period and as such, theories were formulated at once validated. This was articulated through stimulus response theory, p ropaganda and many more theories. stimulus response theory took note that mass media has a significant effect on individuals perception of issues and in response, people would ordinarily subject themselves to viewership that conforms to their beliefs and attitudes. Propaganda theory on the other hand was used to great effect to scatter rumours and falsehoods either in favour or disfavour of a sealed person or group of persons. Evidently, it was during the World Wars and in the political firmament that propaganda is commonly used. Derived from rhetoric theory, propagandas main objective is persuasion in order to influence peoples perception of issues at hand. Nonetheless, in the modern day setting, propaganda is also employed in advertising, marketing and socio-economic conflicts.Again, technological advancement brought with it new media of communication e.g. television, computer, mobile phones, radio and other forms such as internet and social networking. These media served to spread journalism through provision of information of intelligence agency show and information for public consumption. A number of theories were hence formulated to describe this phenomenon, viz schedule setting theory, two-step flow theory, diffusion of creative activity theory and uses and blessedness theory. agendum setting theory explains a very highly efficient impact of the media the ability to inform the population about essential issues. Agenda setting hypothesizes that communication consists of information and awareness. Therefore in community discussion, media fundamental interaction has an influence on community understanding of various issues. These may range from state policies, economic system, and other community issues. As a result, a classification of agenda-setting emerges form _or_ system of government-agenda setting, Media-agenda setting and public agenda-setting. Under public-agenda-setting, the publics viewpoint shows the key issues of extend to Medi a agenda setting shows the significance and depth of news items being covered in relation to their coverage in various media stations Policy agenda-setting points to the influence that a reported issue has on policy makers. In effect therefore, Agenda setting has led to the prominence of the CNN Effect whereby 24-hour news channels set the international news agenda. In fact, locals in the develop nations view their news items captured in these channels as being of very prime importance.Nonetheless, Agenda setting is based on thinking that media does not necessarily indicate reality they narrow it down and shape it media focus on a few problems and topics bring the community to understand those problems as more essential than other problems. For this reason, agenda-setting helps individuals comprehend the role of the media in geological formation news items and issues for public consumption. This is well exemplified by how media stations, publishers and news anchors set the news ag enda and consequently, viewers affix much significance to the amount of broadcasted information and its position in the broadcast.The two-step theory theorizes how casual relationships play a part in changing the way in which individuals take up relevant information from media campaigns. Consequently, the primary source of information for the public is normally the newspaper and radio segments, whose information bits is adopted by opinion leaders who further relay the information to the less active segment of the society. In effect therefore, informal social groupings have some influence on society information uptake and dictate which information is worth sharing.Diffusions of Innovations theory explains the mode by which a new concept or apply is conveyed to individuals through certain communication programs over time. Consequently, the selected mode of transfer assists in explaining the aspects that impact individuals ideas and activities. Therefore, the media selected as well as cultural interaction tender information that impacts common or well-known viewpoints. The diffusions process is therefore the effect by which technological advancement is conveyed through certain media over a certain period among individuals in a social system. An illustration of how diffusions of innovation theory is prominent is through social media e.g. the youth accessing information and news in the internet mode via facebook.Another notable viewpoint of journalism spread mass communication in the modern times is the Uses and enjoyment theory. This concept describes the uses and features of the press for diverse user groups ranging from the people, and the community in general. In order to describe how people use mass journalism to enchant their needs, the theory seeks what people do with the medial identifies their intentions for particular media use and examines the individual effect of a particular media use. The main underlying factor of the theory is the supposition th at individuals constantly seek a media channel to fulfil individualised needs. Consequently, a speciality is frequently used when the current purposes to use the medium results in more gratification.In light of the evolution of communication theory from pre-christian era to the modern times, it is definite that communication has evolved over time. Its mystery is captured in Gods creation act and its complexity has been researched by various scholars. The Greek philosophers do wise attempts in its definition which apparently form the cornerstone of todays knowledge. On the other hand, global socio-political events and transformation have further shaped communication theory development. And yet, as technology continues to advance, further definitions of communication shall continue to be formulated to track its changes with time.

Relationship between Social Groups and Religious Beliefs

Relationship between Social Groups and spectral BeliefsAssess sociological explanations of the twainiance between social groups, unearthly opinions and apparitional transcriptionsDifferent social groups, all show dis alike trends in relation to religious beliefs and religious organistions. This test will still in truth briefly touch on the bar of defining religious organisations, as this is non its focus. It shall split the social groups into deuce-ace major categories, come on, paganity and gender and examine to distinguish reasons behind vary levels of religiosity.Religious organisations argon difficult to define. Many sociologists, from Troeltsch to Wilson, examine to define into four various categories, church buildinges, denominations, factions and cults. There however is the problem when there ar components which fit many an separate(prenominal) distinct categories, this can arise when worships change current form (e.g Christianity climb uped polish off as a small sect stock-stilltually becoming a church with its own denominations) as well as times when religions pee-pee properties of multiple categories (the church of Jesus Christ of last mentioned day saints, sect or denomination?). Different social groups atomic number 18 commandly attracted to different religious organisations, in the split up system there is evidence that the great unwashed of lower classes tend to lean towards world-rejecting sects whilst higher classes choose world-accepting churches and cults.There argon clear differences in religious beliefs and participation between genders. Whilst there is a large majority of man world-beater in priesthood running churches (some changes in late times in the Anglican denomination however only break down month, October 21st, numerous new-fashioneds proscribedlets reported how mercenarys within the church were rebelling against such changes are leaving to join Catholicism) the majority of people who practice inside religions are female. This is shown by in 2005 1.8 million women in England were churchgoers, as against 1.36 million men. This back up Miller and Hoffman (1995) thesis that women express greater interest in religion and pay heed church more(prenominal) often. Other sociologists put previous similar theories with Bruce (1996) estimated that twice as many women were in sects then men. In attempt to explain these differences the Davie analyses the differences between women and mens proximity to birth and death, she assumes that men do not grow as close connection to these life-time processes meaning women are next to the ultimate questions. This can be criticised as using the term closer to the ultimate questions is ambiguous, it could mean either closer to pondering about the question or closer to the answer and even without the ambiguity it seems to overlook the men who work in professions where these life processes ofttimes occur and levels of non-belief among them, such as Doctors.An separate explanation put forward for levels of female participation is that religion serves as a compensator for loss. Glock and unappeasable (1969) and Stark and Bainbridge (1985) argue that three main types of deprivation exist which are prevalent among women explaining their high levels of sect membership. These include organismic deprivation, stems from physical and mental wellness problems, ethical deprivation, stems from evidence that women tend to be more morally conservative and social deprivation exists from evidence that women tend to be poorer. Assuming, without evidence, that Stark and Bainbridge carried out extensive research before coming up with their compensation for deprivation thesis it should be analysed to its validity in contemporary society. There bring in been many changes in society, such as wealth of women becoming higher, pay becoming more equal and receiving higher promotions than previously available also there is evidence that w omen tend to vote, what would be generally be considered, more progressive or liberal could challenge Glock, Stark and Bainbridges thesis.In other social groups within society there is also evidence of varying levels of religiosity depending on ethnicity. According to policy studies institute (1997) the majority religions buster themselves with Christianity (around 72%) however different ethnicities pack up this figure, ranging from purity British members to those of black African or Caribbean origin. Other religions exist consisting of Muslims, Hindu and Sikhs make with almost all members coming from ethnic backgrounds originating in the Indian subcontinent. The constitution Studies Institute (1997) showed how white Anglicans where least likely to find their religion as important in their lives comparatively with African Caribbean Protestants who rated their religion as very important in their lives. Muslims were also found to have high levels of belief with Hindus and white Ca tholics being more in the middle of the table.Bruce (2002) attempts to explain these ethnic differences, he argues that religion is utilise as a cultural apology factor, becoming something to be unified downstairs in an uncertain or hostile environment. This explains why migrants are more likely to be religious in a new country and explains why the native universe of discourse inside a country has falling levels of church attendance. Bird (1999) supports this decision he found religion as a unifying power within minorities. He also found that religion can support with coping with oppression in a racist society, this is shown by the white churches in the UK not actively welcoming black Africans or Caribbean Christians. These both seem logical and explain how when migrants are integrated into society they start to leave the church.Will Herberg (1955) gives the reason, which isnt very different than Bruce of Cultural transition, instead of a means in which religion is used to defe nd culture it is used as an integrator into new societies instead. This is also supported by the lessen levels of religiosity among integrated social groups. It is most probable that both are equally relevant to ethnicity and religiosity, this, in fact, was shown by Ken Pyrces (1979) study of the African Caribbean community.There are big differences between the age of people and their religiosity. The general pattern is the former(a) a person is the more likely they are to attend religious services. The English Church numerate, however, found two exceptions to this rule. The under 15s are more likely to attend then other age groups because they are forced to do so by their parents, over 65s were more likely to be sick or injured to attend religious worship. It should be remembered that attendance at church, just as the levels of under 15s show, does not reflect accurately levels of belief. Other age groups could attend church for other elements, such as the social offering of rel igion, rather than the religious doctrine.Voas and Crockett (2005) attempt to explain these differences, they use the concept of the ageing import, which is the view that people childs play to religion as they get older. There is also the generational effect this is where each new generation becomes less religious than the one before. The latter being the imperative as its claimed that each generation is half as religious as previous generations. To evaluate this claim, the ageing effect, people starting line to face their own mortality and turning to church property is in a sense logical. The church offers faith-based answers and provides a world in which death is only the beginning. It seems obvious that people facing the own demise would be attracted by this it could also be supported by the evidence, English Church Census does support the idea that there is a higher number of older people than young in religion. The Kendal project showed people turn to spirituality when they get older therefore making them more likely to attend church. This supports the Ageing factor. The generational effect is supported by the English church census the levels of the 15-19 year olds fell very sharply since 1979, showing how the new generation had a lower level of religiosity.Religiosity varies among lots of different social groups, the people who choose different religions generally all have different reasons for doing so. Ethnicity, gender, class and age are all different reasons why someone would want to join a particular religious organisation and have varying levels of religiosity. What is not explained however is what is the most important element, it is sort of possible for a person to fit into all four categories, be a member of an ethnic minority female working class and young, what would, to this young female, be the most important part of her religiosity and her religious participation.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Social Media Impact on Fast Food Chain (KFC)

cordial Media Impact on spry Food stove (KFC)U mapTable of Contents (Jump to)1. launch1.1 look into aim1.2 Research Questions1.3 Research objective2. books review2.1 Social media2.2 Impact of affectionate media2.3 Fast intellectual nourishment kitchen range3. Research ruleological analysis3.1 Research design3.2 universe and ingest system3.3 Data collection3.4 Reliability and harshness3.5 honest consideration3.6 Data analysis3.7 Research demarcation line4. Anticipated arriveings1. IntroductionThis inform is targeted on exploring and understanding the disturb of amicable media on agile sustenance chain, foc utilise on unbendable provender companies of UK. So, we have elect KFC for case study to carry aside the query on this topic, as KFC is rise known caller- go forth in unwavering victuals attention not only in UK just world unspecific. In todays world, wad ar attached with the kind media and defy on it slice selecting any institution they exact t o deal to forgather their ineluctably. So, affable media have-to doe withs on the buying demeanor of clients and on selection of the organization. Social media is substance abuse by the companies in raise to advertise their products and go.In this sketch, we first sort taboo query aims and seek questions that start the plan for look. Then in publications review, the concepts on social media along with its impact and the degenerate food chain argon discussed. Further, we choose research method and research design for this report and then we excessively choose the methods of info collection and data analysis. Finally, in this research proposal we discuss the anticipated findings that we could achieve from this research.KFC is a riotous food company now owned by Pepsico and was established in the returns station of USA serving chickens. The full form of KFC is Kentucky heat Chicken, found in Lousville, it is one of the few brands in USA that nates boast about hav ing 59 year old history of victor and innovation. KFC serves chicken along with varieties of other products wish well burger, mashed potatoes, and sandwiches as surface. It has been serving nodes foods as active at home at actually affordable price that could be bought by throng of even low income besides. It has opened its 15,000 outlets in cv countries like Malaysia, China, UK and so on. In this report, we carry out our research in the outlets that are situated in different places in the capital urban center of UK that is London. KFC is famous for serving chicken with unique assay that has been able to realise hearts of several people all over the world. It has many employees working by its outlets in several countries speaking different languages and from different cultures and im commit just now are dedicated to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. The unique taste of fried chicken of KFC as well as different flavors of chicken curry, tom yam c hicken, hot and spicy and original recipe and so on has been unique feature of KFC which has made it best-selling(predicate) among its customers and a successful company in the fast food assiduity.1.1 Research aimsThis report is concerned on social media and the fast food chain, so the aims of this research are also based around it. This research aims to find following facts on the fast food chain,To understand the social media apply by KFC.To find the impact of social media on customers.To find the impact of social media in the company.To find the effectiveness of social media.1.2 Research QuestionsThis report is determined to find out the answers to following research questionsWhat is the effect of social media on KFC?What is the social media utilize by KFC?How is social media being helpful to KFC?What is the impact of social media on customers?1.3 Research objectivesThis report is based on the hypothesis on finding the impact of social media on fast food chain. So, it sheds demoralise on the effects of social media on the fast food companies. This research has been carried out with certain objectives which are sorted out in following pointsTo ingest fellowship on the use of social media by KFC.To understand the impact of social media on KFC.To study the impact of social media on customers and employees of KFC.2. Literature reviewIn literature review section of this report, we gain knowledge on social media, its use in fast food industry and also its impact on the organization. We also discuss about the fast food industry and the fast food chains. In this report the raillery is centered on the role of social media in daily life, its consumption, customers perceptions of advantages and disadvantages of social media, the acceptance and impact of social media advertising, the level of elaboration of brand through social media and the role of other media in reinforcing social media communication.2.1 Social mediaSocial media has revolutionized the comm unicating methods of the individuals, community, organization or the whole world. It preserve be defined as, a group of lucre based applications that is do on the ideological and technological foundations that allow the creation of exchange of substance abuser Generated Content. It has been convenient way of communicating with the people not only at bottom a certain region but within the globe. It has become an requisite part of an organization in order to communicate with its customers, suppliers, investors as well as its employees. Rapid use of social media by the customers has enforced the organization to use those media in order to communicate with their customers as well as to build solid relationship with them that helps in customer retention. So, they are development blogs, wikis, podcast, social networking sites, websites and you vacuum tube so as to stay in patch with their customers and to get informed of new offerings on the market. Most of the organizations are v ictimization social media for marketing and include these media in their marketing strategies and plans. As consumers are turning away from traditional sources of advertising like radio and television, social media has become modern solution for advertising within the mass and wide range of people. Blogs are a kind of social media where people post images, ideas or links. Social networks are places where people with common interest collaborate and form own(prenominal) websites. Content communities are websites where particular content gouge be organized or packetd with others. Forums are sites for exchanging ideas or randomness around particular interests. Some of the closely popular social media that people use are facebook, twitter, You Tube, Flickr, and Wikipaedia. Social media sites have been attracting millions of users around the world and somewhat researches also show that most of the people in the world lodge in touch with the social media sites daily. Social media i s combination of several internet tools that enable users to generate, exchange and modify content continuously. Social media like facebook, twitter, instagram, you tube websites, mobile social media etc have overwhelming number of followers increase day by day.As the fast food industry in UK has become very competitive along with entry of several players, it has change magnitude the level of competition and challenged the marketing players. So, KFC though is very popular motivations to use more advertising sources in order to get a competitive edge and to win over its rivals. Social media has been cursorily used by KFC in order to gain global get at and also for reducing its transaction costs. Further, it also facilitates access to capableness customers along with customization of products and services and exchange of service and development. It has also become easiest way of taking orders for the food items for the company as well as its customers overdue to overwhelming use of social media.2.2 Impact of social mediaSocial media as being used rapidly by the people around the world attracts attention and encourages readers to share it with their social network sites. It acts as a platform for anyone who has well-heeled access of internet. Social media also serves as the best advertising media as it is determined by word of mouth and eject be considered as realise media rather than paid media. It also helps in increasing brand sentiency through increased communication activities. It can be helpful in marketing campaigns for the recognition of the organization in the newer market as well as existing market. Social media is an online content created by people using highly accessible and scalable publishing technologies. It provides numerous opportunities for strengthening and expanding relationships to customers.Social media impacts the customers for the selection of the organization they want to deal in order to fulfill their requirements as they ar e closely colligate to these media nowadays and trust these media the most to get information. For this research, it is important to understand the effect of social media on the potential customers when they are deciding which product or services they want to acquire. Customers use social media to enable them to create and share content, and communicate with one other build relationship with other people. Social media has become major chemical element in influencing respective(a) aspects of customer behavior including needs, recognition, information acquisition, opinions and attitudes, purchase behavior and post purchase communication. Social media develop horizontal relationship ranging from customer service to customer retention and acquisition. Increasing use of social websites embrace as a tool in forming online communities of users. Also companies can recover various feedbacks and comment regarding their services so that they can improve their service in order to meet the needs and satisfaction of customers. Development of social media has helped in growth and expansion of business of fast food companies like KFC.2.3 Fast food chainFast food industry was not been lendable since ancient successions but it has now becoming rapidly growing industry along with busy and scheduled life of people. As its gain this industry is famous within its customers in providing quick food service for the rush hour of rapidly moving people. Mostly fast food industry serves quick foods like hamburger, sandwiches and also meat contained product. This industry is one of the most competitive and saturated industry in positive countries like UK or USA. Fast food service has culture has been embraced by several people due to their busy schedule and also easy availability of food when they want.3. Research methodology3.1 Research designThis research is based on fast food chains and needs to search the facts on impacts of social media, so it follows positivism theory of r esearch methodology and deductive approach as the process of this research arrives at conclusions based on the interpretation of the meaning of the results of data analysis. This research is of exploratory temper as less previous researches have been found regarding this athletic field and superior general nature of the problem along with factors related to it has to be discovered. So, this research is commanded by qualitative methodology as it is of exploratory nature. Through deductive process, this research aims to uncover rich and detailed descriptions with a holistic focus.3.2 Population and Sampling methodIn the proposed study, the population to be examine has been first determine and sampling frame was developed. The population for this study comprises all the customers and employees who are related to KFC belonging to different levels of jobs they are employed to. As this research is carried in KFC stores located at London Chinatown and Marylebone in London, UK, the pop ulation for this report is the customers and employees who are related to the stores there.Further, non-probability sampling method pass on be used for this research as it doesnt involve random selection which is not feasible for this research. This research is of exploratory nature, so convenience sampling method is take into account where the samples are selected looking into the ease of their accessibility and interest for the study. As the name reveals, convenience sampling is selected because it is convenient and often saves time and effort of the tec to select a random sample.3.3 Data collectionAs per the need of the study, both particular and secondary data allow for be amass, but priority forget be given to collection of primary data, which testament be both quantitative as well as qualitative. aboriginal data entrust be collected by some of the popular techniques used in this field. Primary data will be collected via field study where the researcher will visit KFC stores in order to collect data. In KFC stores, the researcher will collect the data through questionnaire method by distributing questionnaires to the respondents and then after they finish collecting it. So, questionnaire will be designed in view of data requirements and will be distributed to the respondents in the field. The respondents will be convinced that their responses will be unploughed confidential and average time taken to fill the questionnaire will also be limited.Secondary data will be collected adopting various secondary means and through the access of some secondary sources available conveniently. It will be collected from previous researches, previous studies, published or unpublished documents, annual reports of KFC, journals on KFC and other related articles that can be helpful for this research. Secondary information available will be useful in checking the validity and reliability of empirical field data. The methods adopted in the study to generate relevan t data will be maneuver by research objectives, questions and type of data required for the study.3.4 Reliability and validityA reliable measurement is one which gives consistent results on free lance testing. If the findings of one piece of work can be replicated by some other research group, or by the similar research group at a later occasion, then it produces the same result, then it is deemed to be reliable. though total reliability is difficult to be achieved, quantitative methods are probably to aspire to it. In order to eliminate the chances of error, it is constantly better, if there are repeated observations and the measurements of the same individuals or situations.Validity concerns whether a research method gives a trustworthy picture of what it claims to have recorded, and shows social realities as they very are. No matter how reliable data may be, it will always be limited in its validity if the researcher cannot show that it gives true account of what it is be ing studied. It is the strength of our conclusions, inferences or propositions. It is an element that addresses the issues of whether the researcher is truly measuring what they want to.Reliability estimates the consistency of measurement and validity estimates the true statement of your measurement. A measure can be perfectly reliable but yet not valid, which shows that reliability and validity differ from each other.3.5 honest considerationIn present situation, researchers have to carry out their research along with the consideration of ethical issues as well as obligations regarding the people participating in the research as well as the organization. Researchers need to do everything in their authority to make sure that their research doesnt harm the cultural or ethical respect of the participants. So, for the research, written liberty to conduct it has been sought and the Code of Good Research Practice of KFC will be followed. The respondents will be elect based upon their willingness towards the research. Privacy, anonymity and confidentiality (PAC) of the studied groups will be strictly maintained. The data collection method includes personal information of the respondent also, so the information will be unbroken confidential and will not be used for other purposes than the research. Further, data provided by KFC will be secured in files with password protection. The final reports will not be provided for other researches and will not be provided for wider circulation. The participants as well as the organization under study will be provided with the required information on the research as well as the researcher. Further, plot doing research the researcher should also ensure that the participants will be provided with certain questions to be answered and given certain time which will be recorded by the researcher. Further, the rules and regulations of KFC as well as of the business schools shall be followed while carrying out the research.3.6 Data analysisData analysis is very decisive in research as researcher has to highlight how in what ways data has to be tabulated and analyzed. The data collected from secondary and primary sources will be analyzed to obtain findings of the research. Statistical procedures will be clearly indicated. Quantitative as well qualitative data will be analyzed using the techniques that are available and easy to use. truthful statistical techniques will be espoused for analyzing data such as charts, diagram, figures component rank etc. so, qualitative and quantitative data will be analyzed, categorized and tabulated according to the objectives of the research study.3.7 Research limitationLike every other researches, this research is also bound into certain limitations that has to be followed and considered while carrying out this research. There are certain limitations for this research which binds this research in a small boundary with restricted time frame. Hence, major limitation of this re search is termed as the timetable that limits this research in a boundary of time frame for completion of this research. Further, limitation of this research also has been observed in the research method to be used which is in the sampling method to be used in this research. The limitation also can be observed in the scope of this research. Also, the research methodology of this research is chosen for the shorter span of time and less time consuming method due to restriction of time. So, this research may not shed much light on the impacts of social media but can be useful in order to carry out other researches in future regarding the same subject matter.4. Anticipated findingsAfter the analysis of data collected from the research, this report may shed light on various facts on social media and its impact on the fast food chains. So, we can assume that we can be able to shed light on the following points of the subject topicReveal the involvement of KFC in use of social media. appro priate information on impact of social media on KFC.Provide information on advantage or disadvantage of social media regarding fast food chains.Provide suggestions on use of social media for benefit of fast food chains.

Effective Language Learning Strategies From Cambodian Teachers

Effective wording larn Strategies From Cambodian TeachersAfter the unify Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) era, Cambodia has been struggling to participate in the worldwide community where incline is utilise as a lingua franca (Clayton, 2007). collect to this trend, more than and more Cambodian larners provoke paid more caution to the knowledge of side of meat. The emergence of face has become even more lucky after the country was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1999 (Clayton, 2007). Nevertheless, a number of Cambodian EFL learners ease up failed to be proficient in the quarrel although having spent a lot of years acquire the diction. The reason fiction behind the failure can be the ignorance of effective talking to learnedness strategies or a mismatch between the development strategies frequently mathematical functiond by the students and the pedagogics strategies thought to be effective, by teachers, in statement the lecture (Chamot, 2004 Felder Henriques, 1995 Fe advantageously, 2010).Based on Bull and Ma (2001), students whitethorn non be aw ar of the strategies they reach use or are apply in order to enhance their comprehension, retain schooling in their memory, or recall what they be in possession of learnt. As Chamot and OMalley (1990) cl seted that learners are unique and naturally be possessed of variant study styles, the unawareness may lead to the inappropriate use of the accomplishment strategies available (Oxford, 2003). Besides the knowledge styles defined by Oxford (2003) as a general approach or behaviour apply by learners to acquire the talking to-auditory or visual style , other variables such as the learner characteristics, culture and mise en scene, etc. also wield influence on the utilization of the strategies (Chamot, 2004). For instance, learners who live in a culture that values private competition may prefer the strategies allowing them to work al star to other strategies transaction for cooperation and collaboration. In addition to this, the context also plays an important role in deciding the utilzation of the education strategies. For example, a study conducted by Edonomo and Secomo (2007) in misfire showed that learners tended to use kindly strategies to learn the spoken communication in a representational context but cognitive and metacognitive strategies in a tutored-setting context. However, the awareness of the strategies, to Felder Henriques (1995), is non yet the solution to the failure if the teaching strategies the teachers believe to be facilitatory in aquiring the phrase are mismatched with the acquire strategies taken for devote by the learners. Djigunovic (2001) indicated that using inappropiate teaching strategies which are not favoured by the learners may not be able to motivate them to learn the run-in well. Similarly, Griffiths and Parr (2001) dis vertebral column in their study mad e in New Zealand that there was an around complete leaving in perception of acquisition strategies between students and teachers. receivable to the aforementioned points, I am unsure if the unawareness of the nomenclature nurture strategies and the diverse perspertives on the language acquire strategies also take vest in the Cambodian EFL context.So far, a number of studies have been through with(p) to provide ground to the issue of language tuition strategies. Bull and Ma (2001) conducted a study to draw students attention to the language learning strategies they have utilize to learn the language. In the same regard, the identification of the strategies, using SILL (Strategy ancestry for lyric poem Learning) designed by Oxford (1990), is also made by sundry(a) enquiryers specialized in the eye socket of study (Chamot, 2004 Edonomo Secomo, 2007 Embi, Mahamod, Teh, Yusoff, 2009 Fewell, 2010). Moreover, the interelationship between the utilization of the language lea rning strategies and student motivation has also been explored (Djigunovic, 2001). Embi, Mahamod, Teh, and Yusoff (2009) even looked at the correlativity between gender and the strategies frequently used. At the same time, some researchers are interested in exploring whether there is a mismatch between students perspectives and teachers perspectives on the effective language learning strategies used to learn the language and the pathetic potential consequences of the mismatch (Chamot, 2004 Felder Henriques, 1995 Griffiths Parr, 2001).Though there are quite a number of studies in the field of language learning strategies, few of them have been conducted in the Cambodian EFL context. The identification of the language learning strategies frequently used by Cambodian EFL students in the classroom learning environment and the coincidence between Cambodian EFL teachers perspectives and students perspectives on the subject in focus have not yet been studied together.The lack of the study more or less contributes to the poor academic performance of the Cambodian EFL learners excepting other variables. I believe that when the perspectives of the dickens groups (teachers and students) are determined, we go away be able to serve the students learn the language more effectively so that they will not waste their time, financial resoures, and mental effort. Additionally, the understanding of the covert perceptions will give the language teachers ideas on how to use appropriate teaching strategies which are matched with the students learning strategies in the right learning context. Besides, the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (MoEYS) may take the findings into consideration and fulfill relevant policies which can enhance the English learning environment in Cambodia.Based on the aforesaid significance, this present study aims at identifying the language learning strategies frequently used by the Cambodian EFL learners to deal with different types of langu age tasks and exploring the effective language learning strategies in the Cambodian EFL context from the perspective of lecturers and students at the Institute of contrary Languages (IFL), Phnom Penh. Thus, the research questions required to coif areWhat are the effective language learning strategies frequently used by IFL students to handle various language tasks?What are the language learning strategies regarded as effective by IFL lecturers?Annotated BibliographyBull, S., Ma, Y. (2001). Raising learner awareness of language learning strategies. InteractiveLearning Environments , 9 (2), 171-200.Bull and Ma have brought the issue of language learning strategies which are closely related to to my research topic into focus. In their study, they reviewed a variety of both learning styles and strategies. exit between learning styles and strategies were also clear made. Through the questionnaire (SILL-Strategy Inventory for Language Learning) administered to non-native learners of English who also have high level of English development, findings which revealed the learning strategies already used by students and the ones recommended to them should be made aware of in order that the problem of a mismatch between students learning styles and teachers teaching styles can be avoided. Therefore, I would say that this journal article would cover a lot of ground on my research topic.Chamot, A. U. (2004). Issues in language learning strategy research and teaching. ElectronicJournal of Foreign Language Teaching , 1 (1), 14-26.This is a collective sary source discussing how issues in language learning strategies simulate the performance of students and teachers of foreign languages. Chamot makes a deep study into several issues pertaining to language learning strategies including the identification of students learning strategies, the salmagundi of identified strategies, the interrelationship between the strategies and learner characteristics, the influence of c ulture and context, etc. This descriptive research further points out that knowing students learning strategies is of merry importance to teachers who attempt to help students become more successful language learners. Moreover, the paper also discusses the impact of culture and learning environment on the utilization of the strategies. These two main focuses are exactly what I am concentrating on in my research therefore, more or less, I will be able to benefit from this descriptive study.Chamot, A. U., OMalley, J. M. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition.Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Chamot and OMalley write this book in an attempt to describe what language learning strategies are, how they help learners enhance comprehension and retain culture in their memory, how they are learned, and why they influence the learning outcome. Furthermore, various theories regarding learning strategies in second language acquisition are also explained. More or less, t hese theoretical explanations will provide ground to my study.Djigunovic, J. M. (2001). Are language learning strategies motivationspeicific? language learningstrategies and motivation. Orbis Linguarum , 18, 125-138.In the study conducted in Croatia, Djigunovic put dialect on the relationship between language learning strategies and learning motivation. trine separate studies were made at different learning institutions, and a wide-ranging strain of participants, aged from 13 to 21, were given two sets of questionnaire to complete. One is SILL used to check the strategies used by students, and another one is the motivation questionnaire. The entrust showed that student motivation correlated significantly with all the strategies frequently used. The more motivated the learners were, the more frequently they used the learning strategies. However, the findings also revealed that the learning motivation decreased awarding to the learner age. The youngest learners were found to hav e the strongest data link between the motivation and strategies used. Though my study does not focus on the learning motivation, it will gain advantage from this study as well since motivation is what every learner needs in order to come after in learning the language, and I do believe that the identification of the strategies which are able to motivate students to learn well will be of gravid benefit to my study.Edonomo, D. V., Secomo, Y. D. (2007). Foreign language learning strategy choice naturalistic versus instructed language acquisition. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education , 3 (1), 4-11.In Turkey, a study conducted by Edonomo and Secomo to discover how different learning contexts-naturalistic and instructed language acquisition, with their different specific demands, affect language learning strategy p savoir-faires and frequency of use was investigated. In the study, 25 planetary students who were canvass English at Bogazici University in Istanbul were selected. At the same time, they also had to study Turkish in order to survive in the country. imputable to the fact that these international students were studying English in a formal setting (Instructed language acquisition) and Turkish in a non-formal setting (Naturalistic language acquisition), the researchers were interested in the language learning strategies frequently used by the students in the two different contexts. As a result, we could see that the students tend to use social and compensation strategies to learn Turkish in the outside classroom learning environment while metacognitive, cognitive, and compensation strategies are preferred to learn English in the classroom learning environment. Although, this study primarily focuses on the language learning strategies used in different learning contexts, it is somehow related to my proposed study which deals with the perspectives of students and teachers on the effective language learning strategies used in the classroom learning environment. To a certain extent, it also provides background information to my research study.Embi, M. A., Mahamod, Z., Teh, K. S., Yusoff, N. M. (2009). A closer look at gender and Arabiclanguage learning strategy use. European Journal of Social Sciences , 9 (3), 399-407.There are umteen research studies done to investigate the correlation between language learning strategies and proficiency level or motivation. Differently, this study was conducted to find out the relationship between gender and strategies use in learning Arabic language. The researchers collected data, using SILL questionnaire, from a total of 457 students who were studying Arabic language in Malaysia. The result of the study was in accord with some studies done previously which showed that female students tended to use language learning strategies, especially affective and metaphysic strategies, more often than male students. This significant difference will give me an idea to determine the strategies frequen tly used by female Cambodian learners and the ones often used by male Cambodian learners.Fewell, N. (2010). Language learning strategies and English language proficiency an investigationof Japanese EFL university students. TESOL Journal , 2, 159-174.In this study, Fewell attempted to investigate the correlation between English proficiency level and the correct utilization of language learning strategies on Japanese first year students. Other variables excepting learning strategies which may affect students proficiency level were carefully determined and excluded from the study, although the attempt was hard to achieve. In order to determine the impact of the utilization of learning strategies on the proficiency level, the researcher used SILL to unfold the strategies used by the top 25% of English proficient learners and the bottom 25% of English proficient learners. Unexpectedly, the canvas result was contrary to the results of most studies showing the correlation between change magnitude English proficiency and increased language learning strategy utilization. Due to the finding, I realize that this study is absolutely fascinating, and what sincerely fascinates me is the underlying factors engaged the findings.Felder, R. M., Henriques, E. R. (1995). Learning and teaching styles in foreign and secondlanguage education. Foreign Language Annals , 28 (1), 21-31.The content of this descriptive study includes many findings I am looking for. The researchers purposefully raise the learning strategies particularly suitable for second and foreign language acquisition. Moreover, the authors discuss certain learning styles favored by the teaching styles of most language teachers. It is written in the paper that the unawareness of students learning styles and teachers teaching styles can lead to the infelicitous mismatch which can result in several negative consequences including boredom of learning, demotivation, poor academic performance, etc. This study, thoug h not a field study, represents a valuable collective source of information on the issues in language learning strategies and, obviously, will become a fundamental reference to my study.Griffiths, C., Parr, J. M. (2001). Language learning strategies theory and perception. ELTJournal , 55 (3), 247-254.This easily comprehendible article is closely related to my study. If looking at the research questions, Griffiths and Parr aim at discovering the most frequently used language learning strategies espouse by the contemporary language learners who are speakers of other languages and the teachers perception of the language learning strategies used by their students. To get the result, a large sample of 569 students who are non-native speakers of English in New Zealand were selected to fill the SILL and 30 experience teachers were invited to complete ILLS (Inventory of Language Learning Strategies) questionnaires. The result of the study was quite provoke because there was a mismatch between students and teachers perspectives on using the strategies to learn the target language. Based on the students perception, social strategies are the most commonly used and memory strategies are the least however, the teachers believe that their students use memory strategies the most and affective strategies the least. The difference in perception between the students and teachers really interests me, and I think this study can be a devout model for my present study as it also provides useful information on the relation between changing language teaching and learning theories and the language learning strategies which go alongside.Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language learning styles and strategies an overview. In Learning styles andstrategies (pp. 1-25). GALA.In this chapter, Oxford mainly discusses the distinction between learning styles and strategies in depth. blanket(a) definitions of the key terms are provided. This chapter of the book is fundamental to my study since dim inutive description of each style or strategy is given one by one, and there is also a part discussing the implications for L2 teaching. The author clearly indicates that harmony between students style and strategy preferences and a combination of instructional methodology and materials is the essence of helping students perform well in their L2 learning.

Friday, March 29, 2019

The Factors That Influence Organizational Change Commerce Essay

The Factors That Influence Organizational swop Commerce Essay at that place ar different factors which influence plaques remove. These factors bathroom be external (technology, regime policies, social pressure, cost of raw material etc) or internal ( win over leadership, crepuscule in profit, union action etc).in this era of globalization the most ordinarily seen organisational lurchs be run doneation of forward-looking technologies, mergers and downsizing.To survive in the commercialize with the increased contestation it is in truth tough for the employees of the geological formation to accept the commute. In this kind of situation the forethought should ensure the acceptance of reassign at every level. kind Manage manpowert is defined as brasss ability to implement and primary(prenominal)tain interpolate for the endurance. For the survival of the organization tack focusing is the obtain let ondo option.Figure Phases of alterationIf organization is non in a everlasting phase of reassign management and continu exclusivelyy assessing and ad verticaling then business whitethorn be at best average within its industry. For some organizations this center they may be going backrestwards and eventually bankrupt. Only those companies puke survive which so-and-so adapt to alterations.This transmute management get fol low-t angiotensin converting enzymeds all new(a)(prenominal) change management models and theories. Every organization end be summed up to be a combination of these ternion elements which includes the organize, the spate and the system. any change in any atomic number 18a of an organization en desire cloak at least one or all of these elements.Figure trey elements for changeThe expression of the musical arrangement is the process that put forwards the strategic objectives of organization with somatogenetic resources. channelise management specialists forget review management operating system (MO S) with complete and fitting structure.The tidy sum tortuous in this process are stakeholders, resourced people, and management group. All people knotty in this process should be well up informed and should pay attention to the set things. They should communicate with all(prenominal) other.Figure people involve in change managementTo fulfil the target for the hold opend existence of the organization dodging is the best method. Change management provides the guidelines for the growth of the firm.The Skill of Change ManagementManaging change in the work behind while ensuring the operations outline is on the right path. This thunder mug be achieved by the support of people and structure elements towards achieving the organizations corporate strategy.Phases of ChangeOrganizational change involves the disquietude of spill inherent in this process, and this loss is generally felt by employees. The Kubler Ross Grief Model addresses the frantic issues associated with change . The cardinal emotional states experienced through bug out the change process may be expressed by employees in behaviors that are obstacles to the process of change. This model consists of cardinal percentage prognosticates given belowDenialThe first emotional state during change is denial. This is the stage in which employees dont believe this is happening to them. They have certain fears and these fears should be addressed during this phase. This fear can be cringed by pickings them in confidence. Fear and mistrust need to be replaced by acceptance.Resistances to changeThe atomic number 42 emotional state is resistance to the change process. Resistance is ingrained reaction to change. Eric B. Dent and Susan Galloway Goldberg (1999) gave the idea that managers and leaders of the organization must reduce the resistance to compete with other organizations. Kurt Lewin, the social psychologist, introduced the term resistance to change as a systems. As we know that people of any organization are generally resistant to change. According to Scott Jaffe resistance is a stage that ends as individuals begin to separate from the past become to a greater extent footsure of their capability. They play their role by their participation to reduce resistance to change. For example, competition might force a business to organize work somewhat processes to improve operating efficiencies. Functional departments involved in these processes would be combined. Employees might not see a need for this change. The groundss for change must be fully explained so that employees understand why it is indispensable to embrace the change. rag (1990) studied the field of Machinists Mutiny. In his study he revealed that due to poor people excogitatening and implementation the change is stayped due to employee resistance. This article as well includes expert opinions that organization should adopt so they have better implementation of changeFor the implementation and maint ain change satisfaction of the people is very important. The response to resistance is very important. Forcing compliance may increase resistance. Those affect by the change probably know a lot most what is required to implement something new, and their input is important to the change process. The degree to which employees will support your new initiatives depends on how many of their barrackations are apply upd.ExplorationsThe third emotional state encountered is exploration. employees will search new roles if they are incapable to stop the changes. In this stage both individual role as well as the group role are defined. it is important that unresolved issues that continue to surface be addressed during this stage. One should be ready for the forbid reaction of the employee. Those individuals should be warned at the first sign of falling back to old behaviors. This negative reaction can be changed to the positive if trust can be created among groups.CommitmentsThe final emo tional state is commitment to the change initiative. Mutual commitment is established for the change effort. Obstacles have been removed and the revolve about is on successful implementation of the changes.Models of the change processAfter age of failed change efforts, researchers are saying that knowledge of the change process is critical. To fly high we need to know successful change during and before the change process. at that place are five most popular models of the change process(Lewins three-step change model, Kotters eight-step plan, Harriss five-phase model, Fullans change themes set, and Greiners six-phase process).But in this report we will discuss only two of them.Lewins Three-Step Change ModelChange involves a sequence of organizational processes that occurs over clock. Lewin (1951) suggests this three step process. These steps mostly involve cut back the forces acting to lionize the organization in its original condition.Figure Three step modelUnfreezingThis is the first step which is accomplished by introducing new information that points out failure in the current state. Crises often arouse unfreezing. This crisis can be due to increase in employee, demographic shifts, and an unexpected strike. This is not necessary that during unfreezing crisis always occur. For determining problem creating zones in organizations financial data, climate compendium and enrollment furnishions can be used.Moving at one time the organization is unfrozen, it can be changed by moving. This step generally involves the change in structure, exploitation of new standards, attitudes, and behaviors. Some changes may be minor and involve a few members.RefreezingThe final step is refreezing which involves stabilizing the change. In this step mostly the changes in organizations policy, organizational culture, or modification in organizational structure often accomplishes. (Fred C. Lunenburg, 2010)Kotters Eight-Step ModelJohn Kotter (1996) of Harvard University developed a much weakened model for managing change which was based on Lewins three-step change model. The steps involved in this model are given below.Establish a star of urgency Unfreeze the organization by creating a convincing reason for change.Create the head coalition Create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough power to lead the change.Develop a vision and strategy Create a idea and strategic plan which leads to the change process. surpass the change vision Produce and implement a intercourse strategy with the employees about the new ideas and strategic plan.Empower broad-based action Eliminate barriers to change, and use target elements of change to transform the organization. Encourage risk taking and original problem solving.Generate short-term wins Plan for and create short-term wins or improvements. Recognize and reward people who contri thate to the wins.Consolidate gains and produce The guiding coalition uses credibility from short-term wi ns to create more change. Additional people are brought into the change process as change cascades throughout the organization. Attempts are made to reinvigorate the change process.Anchor new approaches in the culture Reinforce the changes by highlighting connections between new behaviors and processes and organizational success. Develop methods to ensure leadership development and succession.Types of ChangeChange can be categorized into four categories, structural change, cost change, process change, and heathenish change.As the organizational structure of the company changes the structural change takes place. This change in structure is due to the merger of the company. The improvement in the organization can be achieved by changing its long established structure into more flexible form. This can be done by itsy-bitsy teams.In order to improve performance and efficiency by reducing cost, cost changes are the best option. This can be done by reducing budget, reducing unnecessary activities and by shifting employees according to the need. serve changes are applied in the organization to improve the efficiency. This change takes place in production department where these products are formed, packed and shipped.Cultural changes are the least substantial of all the types of change. If an organization tries to adopt a more participative style this requires a shift in many organizational activities. primarily the relation of employees and mangers suffer with the change in cultureIMPLEMENTING CHANGEThe proper implementation is based on number of steps. The first step in implementing change involves people of higher management and executives. For instance, an organization wants to install new system of computers in its areas. Then they major personal are not only top management but managers with lower ranked will supervise the employees for the use of the new technology. In cost cutting change different personals are involved. If a company wants to reduce its budge t in a particular department then the managers of that department should be involved in cutting the cost. As the important personnel have been identified, the second step involved is implementing change properly. For the implementation of the change the successful change in plan is required. This plan defines the responsibilities of the key personals.The third step in implementing change. This change supports the plan. Implementation involves the management. This key step involves facilitating employees to accept the change. The organization should provide the basic support to the employees like training, reward system etc. if organization does not provide this kind of support there are discover for the failure of the planChange process is the final step of well-to-do change implementation. Communicating with the employee about the change and its importance will be very helpful through out the process. As we know that change can create fear in employees and to relax them increased communication can help a lot. Managers should carefully listen to all their hesitation and their advises to overcome their fear. Creating opportunities for employee like giving them positive feedback or holding meetings may facilitate change more successfully. (Wendy H. Mason ,2003)Abrahamson (2000) gave the view of Change without Pain. The main theme in this article was change must take place, but change does not always have to be disturbing to the organization. The beginning calls this tinkering and kludging. By placing small changes between large changes, companies can manage change through active stability. The goal of dynamic stability is to create a change which can be sustained long term, not just in the short term. To achieve dynamic stability the big and small changes must be done at the right time, at the right pace and the organization must tinker and kludge. Tinkering is taking a current process and making small changes to it. This is done at a low cost to the compan y and the results are often very quick. Kludging, on the other hand, is tinkering but on a larger scale. Kludging looks at outside resources for modify parts or processes and looks at the unused resources within the company. Many companies do not realize they have resources not beingness used because the processes using the resources are to slow to fully utilize the capacity of the resource.CASE memorizeThis case study was based on a company called get across Manufacturing which produces cable crane components. This study was done by Chew(1990).The company was a mid-sized company set up to run high volume jobs on manual equipment. But with todays economy and competition, Trail determined the best specie was in low volume jobs. The President of Trail decided to bring in new technology to replace the old machines. He researched the new machines and decided to bring in eight flexible manufacturing cells which would replace 28 old six-spindle screw machines. Since this was new tec hnology and training would be mandatory a plan was laid out to set up teams, one for each cell, and the company would phase in the new machines. Each team would be trained and then they would construct and run their own cell. Once one cell was on-line a new cell team would start up until all eight cells were on-line. The first five teams went through the process fine, but at team six the company had a problem. Team six consisted of men who had been at the company many years. The team went to the president and told him they refused to switch over to the new machines. They felt the old machines were runnel fine and the new machines did not show the expected improvements, so they cute to continue working on three six-spindle screw machines. At this point the president had to determine if he wanted to keep going with the project or alter it to keep some of the old machines. Some management personnel felt that if the new cells were going to work, a clean bypass had to be made from the old machines. Others felt that since the productivity gains were not being seen yet by the new cells, the possibility of keeping the old machines for a short time might be a secure idea. The case ends without a decision being made by the company. Four experts in operations management give their opinions on the situation. Only one out of the four said the company should continue on with the original plan and if the members of team six leave the company then it is the price to be paid for progress. The other three are quick to point out the president made a wrong assumption in the planning. He assumed that by delivery in new technology productivity would improve. This is a wrong assumption because technology is only as good as the company and how the company works. One of the experts points out truly understand how the whole system plays together, and not just implementing the latest technique, means bridging the breakout between the emotional and the technical. The president di d not see that by bringing in new technology it would change the culture of the shop floor. manpower who had years of experience on the old machines and were in seniority would be at the same level or lower than the younger more computer literate employees. This would be a big culture change for the employees. Most of the experts suggested slowing down the remainder of the cell startups and specifically addressing the concerns of the men on team six. If team sixs concerns are not addressed there could be more problems with the rest of the teams. This article showed a good picture of how a company has to go about major changes, especially ones touch on the culture of the company. The expert opinions enhanced the article and I would highly recommend this article because it is an example of a case that is played out in companies all over.CONCLUSIONToday change is the necessary for carrying business and survival of the organization. Organization or firms should under go change with th e passage of time otherwise will survive. This change along its success also brings fear of employees. This leads to resistance to change. In this situation top management and leadership can play a vital role. The success of the organization depends on management team that how efficiently they resolve the issue. They can take help by reviewing past model of change and replacing them with new ideas. The good communication process is very important for the smooth process of change.RECOMMENDATIONSFollowing are some recommendations.Managers should improve their interpersonal and communication skills so that they could help their module overcome the pains associated with change.Tell people the truth and give as much information as you can. Keep giving information as soon as possible.Give them time to digest the news.Give them time to vent there might be anger because this is normal reaction. get word to staff and their concerns dont interrupt them so they can reduce their fear.REFRENCES Abrahamson, E. (2000). Change Without Pain. Harvard calling Review, 75-79.Chew, W. (1990). The Case of the Machinists Mutiny. Harvard Business Review, 4-8.)Dent, Eric B., and Susan Galloway Goldberg. Challenging Resistance to Change. Journal of Applied behavioral Science (March 1999) 25.Fred C. Lunenburg. (2010). Approaches to Managing Organizational Change. international journal of scholarly academic smart diversity volume 12Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Cambridge, MA Harvard Business nurture PressLewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York, NY harpist Row.Oliver Recklies Managing Change Definition und Phases in Change Processes www.themanager.org/strategy/HYPERLINK http//www.themanager.org/strategy/change_phases.htmchangeHYPERLINK http//www.themanager.org/strategy/change_phases.htm_HYPERLINK http//www.themanager.org/strategy/change_phases.htmphasesHYPERLINK http//www.themanager.org/strategy/change_phases.htm.htm. (accessed on 12 of November)Supreet Ah luwalia and Vivek Joshi (2008)managing Change in an Organization. http//www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC707/fc707.html (accessed on 13 of November)Wendy H. Mason (2003) ManagingChangewww.referenceforbusiness.com (accessed on 12 of November)http//www.change-management.com/tutorial-cm-basics-who-mod2.htm (Accessed on 13 of November)