Body ownership

Body sustainershipBody Ownership The sense of ones own organic structure has been a subject of debate among look forers for many years. It is argued to be a very specific type of knowledge, illustrated as being a non-conceptual and bodied (e.g., Kant, 1781/2003 Bermu dezas cited in Lango, et al., 2007). It has been argued that this type of knowledge, often referred to as embodiwork forcet (Arzy, Overney, Landis, Blanke, 2006), bodily egoism (Bermudez, 1998 Legrand, 2006), or corporeal aw beness (Berlucchi Aglioti, 1997 Critchley, 1979) is compulsory, to association various types of sensory training (Kant, 1781/2003 Johnson, 1987 Lakoff, 1987 Merleau-Ponty, 1945/1962 Piaget, 1937/1954 as cited in Lango, et al., 2007). In other words, one has to puddle nigh sort of knowledge of ones own body in order to nonplus emotions and sensations. It has been argued that gaining this type of knowledge is crucial for formation of personal psychological identicalness (Cassam,1997 Edel man, 2004). Rubber hand illusion allows for the manipulating the brain into perceiving an external object- the caoutchouc hand, as being a representation of the body (Tsakiris Haggard, 2005). Self aw atomic number 18ness has been argued to be to the highest degreely represented by the sense of the body ownership. Moseley( et al., 2008) provoked the rubber hand illusion and demonstrated one of rubber hand illusions motions- pickings ownership of an artificial counterpart- which leads to decrease in the temperature in the real hand. They rig that this phenomenon was limb-specific, in other words similar effect baffle non been found to occur in the not stimulated hand. They argued that this is phenomenon is demonstrating that physical self-importance and the physiological regulation of self argon closely linked in the top down manner to an oneness(a)s body ken. It also seems likely that if body sentiency is disrupted by cognitive processes, that might lead to changes in the b ody temperature regulations, in the rubber hand illusion case, making it decrease. This therefore leads to conclusion that if an several(prenominal)s starts perceiving and artificial body part it will have an effect on the rest of the body (Moseley, 2008). Body ownership has been argued to be a sort of knowledge that that your body belongs to you, and is constantly there, is a basis for the purview of self-awareness. Individuals suffering from for example schizophrenia, autism, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia have been found to have a disturbance in their body ownership. These disorders have also been found to have a connection to the shift of the body temperature regulations (Moseley, 2008). Moseley (et al., 2008) has demonstrated that such disruption in the body ownership can be a solvent of a Rubber Hand antic. RHI consequences in participants perception that the touch they are experiencing is actually an effect of the stimulation given to the rubb er hand. That consequence in participants taking an ownership of the rubber hand. Additionally, Moseley (et al., 2008) found that there was a affirmative correlation between the vividness of the rubber hand illusion experience and the decrease in the skin temperature in the adequate hand. This suggests that the more an individual experiences the RHI the more will the temperature in their hand decrease. The Rubber Hand Illusion has been argued to involve interaction between tactual, visual, and proprioceptive inputs to the brain. In this type of illusion, the tactile sensations are admitted to the rubber hand (Botvinick Cohen, 1998) Interception is a notion involving two unlike types of perception the prioprioception, that is a perception sensitive to the signals gained from the skin as intumesce as musculoskeletal apparatus and the visceroceptoon, which mains focus are the signals originating from the inner variety meat (Vaitl, 1996). Interoception in therefore not only as study of breast and gastrointestinal regions and actions, but also respiratory, genitourinary and endocrine systems, as sanitary as changes in chemical, osmotic and volume of tissue. It provides learning about the express of the body that could have an influence on individuals on the psychological level, as they are related to the emotional experience , conscious awareness, and higher doings (Cameron, 2001). Awareness , on the other hand, can be described as knowledge of the fact of ones existence(Craig, 2009). Interoceptive awareness can therefore be defined as an ability to experience and distinguish between individual sensations a person experiences (Critcheley et al.,, 1999). The concnept of interoception has been cognize for houndreds of years, In 1896, a physiologist, Sherrington, described the sensory nerve receptoprs responding to the stimuli from the body as interoceptors. These days, one of the most well known theories of the interoceptive processes, is the James-Lange pos sibility of emotions. William James was one of the first psychologists and philosophers to argue that the viscer-afferent information, that is, the information gained from the central inner body organs, had a close realation to emotion undergo at that time (Pollatos, Herbert, Matthias Schandry, 2006). Lange on the other hand, was a physiologist who studied the wedge of the emotions on the changes occurring in vasomotor system, such as for example press and dilating of blood vessels (Cameron, 2001). Lange focused his theory on the idea that emotions are reactions to changes in vasomotor system per se ( Cameron, 2001). In their book, The Emotions (1922) they argue that an individual necessarily to be aware of the changes in their bodily signals to experience the emotions as sycg. In other words, the subject provoking emotions, is a direct reason for those changes and emotions are therefore simply our reaction to those changes. This theory became now one of the most influential the ories on the way human perceive emotions(Benner Hacker, 2005)The other theory related to interoception is the one proposed by Damasio. In his perspective the more ideal individual is in perceiving their bodily signals, the more extreme emotions they expon, however somewhat(prenominal) argue that this might erience (Pollatos et al., 2005) There are some significant differences in the ability to perceive the interoceptive awareness. Research has established that women are worsened at perceiving their affectionbeat than men (Kollenbaum, 1990, Katkin et al., 1981 as cited in Vaitl, 1996). The same(p) is authentic about other interoceptive activity awareness- women perform worse than men on tasks gastic motility, finger temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar level (Vaitl, 1996). Additionally, research has suggested that younger community are break in at perceiving their interoception, however some argue that this might be related to the fact that younger people usually have lowe r fat levels that people in the elderly age (Cameron, 2001).Another, interpersonal difference in effect on the interoceptive tasks is defined by possible presence of any type of nature or mental disorder. It hs been found that individuals suffering from anxiety disorders and panic attacks are more likely to score superiorly high on the tasks testing predisposition to interoceptive awareness (Critchley, WIens, Rotshtein, Ohman Dolan, 2004 Ehlers et al., 2000). Opposite was found to hold true for individuals try with depression and somatoform (Mussgay et al., 1999). Other clinical issues have been shown to also affect the performance on the interoceptive awareness. Individuals suffering from different types of cardio-related disorders, such as for example, arrhytmias and kind palpitations (Ehlers et al., 2000 as cited in Pollatos at al., 2006) have been shown to performe worse than healthy controls on interoceptive awareness tasks (as measuringd by heartbeat count performance) . The same is true for patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy (Leopold Schandry, 2001).Another important thing change the performance on the interoceptive task, is the position individual is in- the most wide scores are obtained when an individual is stanind, and the most accurate when they are dissimulation down. Suggested explanations for this phenomenon are the cardiodynamic changes occurring as a result of gravity (Cameron, 2001).Additionally it has been suggested that the parting of the fat in the body was also correlated to the performance on the heart beat tasks- the less fat content an individual had, the better he scored on the cardiac activity task (Jones, 1987 as cited in Vaitl, 1996). One of the most extensively used methods for checking the ability individual to thed have to perceive their own interoception is related to the cardiac action. This includes the ability to detect single heart beats as well as changes in their heart beat per se. Methods allowing stu dying of cardiac action include the discrimination tasks, created to measure the ability to detect individual heart beats, as well as tracking techniques which were set to assess the ability to sense heart rate, by counting the by counting the heart beats during a certain period of time (Cameron, 2001).Positive correlation between changes n the force of emotions and the ability to detect changes occurring within the body has been found by Wiens et al. (2000). In the study, Wiens (et al., 2000) used visual stimuli to manipulate the motions a person was experiencing and assessed the interoceptive awareness by asking individuals to count their heart beats.Similar study was conducted and account by Pollatos, Gramman and Schandry (2006), where positive correlation was found between interoceptive awareness and the intensity of emotions experienced.