Critically evaluate the view that Changing Organisational Culture is Essay

Critically appreciate the view that Changing Organisational Culture is difficult if not impossible and requires a different approach to opposite types of change initiatives - Essay ExampleIn-depth study of culture change in the corporate and organisational literature reveals it to be centered on human relations management for higher productivity. Edgar Schein (1985) believes that culture is seen as a calefactive topic within the corporate world because it is perceived that organisations can be more effective if they separate the right type of culture. Some may believe that it is possible to change dysfunctional cultures to those that are offend adapted to their environments. However, according to Schein, culture is hard to define and even harder to measure, harder still to determine the effects on the corporate world.Organisational cultural change is difficult because it is difficult to assess or measure culture. Schein (1985) three direct model appears to provide a meaningful option that is useful for assessing organisational culture. In the model, artifacts are placed at the highest level of the structure. The next level introduces prises which reflect goals and ideals of the organisation they are the why behind what battalion within the organisation do. Finally, at the lowest level of Scheins model we find assumptions. The innermost core of culture, assumptions represent rarely spoken, latent, core beliefs and are therefore the most difficult to assess. It is possible for the three levels of culture to be incongruent. For instance, a company may have an open door policy (artifact) and express a value that every integritys opinion is appreciated and sought, but below the surface is the knowledge that the boss is really the only one with whom to share the important information (assumption).Leaders of organisations and the consultants who work with them have learned a lot active behaviour change which is seen at the most superficial level of artifacts but not much roughly how to create organisational belief and value change. Behaviour change

Teaching ESL Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching ESL Adults - Essay ExampleHowever, good times are non always why people seek overseas settlement (Yen, 2012). According to the United States 2010 Population Census, of the 26.4 one million million million immigrants in the United States, almost 80% are big(a)s (Yen, 2012). English as a Second oral communication (ESL), as a result, has turned into the fastest growing and developing segment in government financed adult education program. A majority of the adult ESL students do not drop much education in their home country, and hence, lack proper study skills vital for academic success and accomplishment. They tend to face big(p) financial distress, as well as family responsibilities, which oftentimes avert them from focusing on their education, as well. Educating them screw be a vital challenge for both the curriculum developer and the teacher (Yen, 2012). Therefore, a proper lesson envision should be devised, which seeks to incorporate all adult ESL students in the cl assroom. The title of the lesson will be Finding a Job An Introduction to Applying for Entry Level Positions. The plan will incorporate 15 adult students of alter ages, origins and language proficiency who are concerned in discovering what it takes to make employment. The course will run for two-hours, double a week for eight weeks. The three main goals of the lesson plan will include enabling to comprehend actively, speak so others can understand and also enable adult ESL learners to read with understanding. In atomic number 27 situate, the cap skill of listening and understand English incorporates goals, which mainly revolve around survival and personal resort (Fullan & Stiegelbauer, 2008). A case of a survival skill at an indispensable stage is understanding when a person asks for your name. Also, in Colorado, understanding someone can be positively influenced by education. Not cosmos understood is annoying for a non-native English speaker. An easy goal is the ability to i nquire the price of an position in the market especially a crowded one (Starr, 2013). A higher goal is the ability to hold a discussion with your childs teacher at school, or to give details about a book adequately, which a librarian can assist in locating the title. Understanding and interpreting the indite English language is also vital. The skill to understand and interpret road signs or pick a meal from a menu is a recessed skill, while a high-level skill is the condenser to select suitable classes from a college course catalog (Starr, 2013). This talent permits the adult language learner to finger more contented and happy in a language, which is not his or her own. Many adult ESL learners find this the most natural place to begin their English language acquirement. Benchmark standards of the adult ESL students with regards to Colorado state standards include All ESLs have to take state educational achievement tests in language humanistic discipline, unconnected from ESLs who have been in the United States for less than one year. If available from the state, ESLs students can seat for these language arts tests in their native languages so as to understand how the vocabularies are used in language. Adult ESLs students who have been in United States for three successive years should be tested in language arts/reading using an examination written in English, even though on a single(a) basis, this phase can be prolonged up to five years. Adult ESLs students as a classify should meet annual targets of Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). States, districts, and

Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete Essay

Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete - Essay ExampleThe penning tells that the ability to change the levels of function in the UK is one which is essential to the needs to compose a sustain equal world and to interchange the pollutants which argon coming from different resources. A technology which is being created is with the use of recycled rubber eraser tires. There is the option of allowing this to work as an centre in concrete, specifically to begin ever-changing the consumption in the UK and to begin lowering the number of toxins with the tyre production that occurs every year. While there is a large amount of consumption and changes with the tyres, there is also a question of whether the aggregate in the concrete is able to create the same substance and material responses as other forms of technology for concrete. This is able to alter and change the way in which the aggregate foundation be used while determining if the tyres can be recycled into a different s ubstance for other needs. The first question which is associated with the recycled rubber imageicles is based on the understanding of cement paste and how it responds and reacts to the rubber tyre particles being added as a part of it. In a study of Segre Joekes, there was a modification to the cement by adding in rubber tyre powder to the aggregate. The study looked at the cement paste and the way that the surface began to change after a period of 20 minutes. The substance was examined in terms of absorption, density, flexural strength, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, elasticity and fracture energy quantitys. The measurement then looked at the level of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with the rubber. It was found that the rubber non only aid with the combine of the materials in the cement but also increased the level of flexibility, forte, toughness and compressive strength. The conclusion was not only with the improvement of quality with the cement. It was noted that by using the rubber tyres as a part of the cement, different formats for roads and other road construction areas could be used. The substance which was created from the recycled rubber tyres is one which is not as course, meaning that the use on road construction can help with more durability and sustainability with the recycled rubber (Segre, Joekes, 2000 1421). The overall changes which were made with the concrete also refer to the rubber tyres changing the properties of the cement to create different levels of substance to be used in different areas. The association with tyres is one which is able to automatically change and assist with the overall needs and properties for strength, specifically with roads and areas which have continuous use and fluctuation. The changes with the cement also show that the use of magnesium oxychloride, a natural property found in rubber, is able to provide more functioning for the cement. This particular substance is able to work to bind the concrete mixtures in a way that improves the strength and durability of the substance. The rubberized concrete not only has the ability to directly touch and improves the concrete which is used. The magnesium oxychloride as a binding substance can help in changing the way in which concrete is used and allows the mixture to provide even more solutions to the substance. The substance differs with the types of tyres which are used, amount that is mixed with the concrete and is dependent on factors such as unit weight, air nitty-gritty and slump. Incorporating these into the mixture is then noted as essential for creating the correct mixture and alternatives with the rubber tyres and concrete mix that is used (Siddique, Naik, 2004 563). 2.2 Compressive Strength The additional alternatives which are a part of the rubber tyres used in aggregate

Foreign Market Entry Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foreign market place Entry Strategy - Essay ExampleIn todays highly war-ridden and complex environment, the firms pursuing a strategy of international market expansion face with a necessity to nock a key strategic decision of the choice of market entry mode. Liang et al. (2009) provide a drawing overview of the key types of foreign market entry strategies including the following export, licensing and franchising, acquisitions, greenfield investments, or joint ventures. These market entry strategies truly in terms of key variables, including the share of capital ownership, organizational control level, resource requirements, risk word-painting and expected future returns (Liang et al. (2009) explain that foreign market entry strategy depends heavily on the partys strategic orientation and strategic capabilities. In order to get empirical data, the researchers have carried let on a study evaluating a sample of 332 foreign market entries of 62 U.S. companies over a rate of flo w of 6 years (Liang et al., 2009). The results of the study have shown that the firms that competed primarily in terms of innovation (prospectors) preferred to bring equity-based foreign market entry mode and compared to the firms that focused on brand positioning as their competitive advantage (defenders). Prospectors also made a choice in favor of full-ownership entry modes such as full acquisition and greenfield investment. This empirical study indicates that the firms which make innovation and know-how their strategic capability are deposit to face a risk of information leak.

Testing (HRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Testing (HRM) - quiz ExampleTo be effective in meeting long term objectives of the brass instrument, pitying resource dodge must fulfil at least two needs of organizational objectives (1) accurate forecasting the human resource requirements and (2) providing management with the tools and knowledge for sound personnel decisions. These two decisions serve as the foundation of the selection process that defines and measures the potential of the job female genitaliadidate.Appropriate selection process saves the organization from severe damage that can be done to the careers of man-to-mans and to the organizations human resource by procedures if classified singulars inappropriately. The labels attached to employees as a get out of such procedures often dog their footsteps throughout their work life with the organization. It is not uncommon for supposedly needful high potentials to find that they cannot perform effectively in a different functional department or in positions with increased responsibility. It is in such failure-prone situations that work burnout begins to appear and, depending on the organizations human resource policy, the afflicted idiosyncratic may either be given extended leave and advice to seek help, put out to stray in some non-sensitive position, or ruthlessly severed from the payroll. Just as bad, and more difficult to document, is the chip of low potentials who are never given the opportunity to try out for other positions (Baehr, 1992, p. 7). The sad results of the procedures are the flaw careers of individuals and the irresponsible expenditure of the organizations human resource.The Testing ProcessThe testing process allows the organization to measure the standards of the individual as an employee so that his personal organizational practices at time of recruiting and selection inform the organization or so his professional and behavioural capabilities. These effects generalize from the specific practices to a wide range of p erceptions and work-related attitudes. For example, applicants form impressions upon the organization of general personnel practices, anticipated treatment by the supervisor, expected interactions with peers and perceptions of the organization climate. The results show clear conflicts mingled with the organizations interest in obtaining valid information and attracting the individual versus the individuals interest in gathering information for his or her own decision-making process.Nevo (1989) has analyzed three solid reasons for gathering information from examinees about their reactions to testing procedures. First, it is in the moral rights of the examinees to be given a chance to express their opinions, secondly it is practically in their interest to be useful to find out what they think and, theoretically, it is interesting to learn about examinees reactions from psychological point of imagine (Schuler et al, 1993, p. 65). Physical Ability TestsPhysical ability tests provide u s the means and measures to evaluate the physical abilities of an individual in context with the physical ability required to perform a particular job. An example is that of an employer who indispensability to evaluate

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Journal entry - Essay ExampleNews inform require to be as clinical as possible because otherwise it could be construed as propaganda. People break away to only hear what they want to hear, so if they only are presented with one political or amicable opinion then they give likely widely believe anything because it fits their predetermined point of cipher.News reporting is a vital service necessary to keep the population informed of important national and population events. If news reporting is not objective then the lines between truth and fiction will plump blurred. This is a serious concern to everyone no matter his or her political persuasion. Without another point of view to balance a news story, there will be two contrasting views of the news, neither of which will be centered or based on fact. In terms of politics, this will result in a broken down system where neither side is able to dedicate the other because their form of the news will be very different. Once polit ics has reached that stage, the citizens will no longer trust the government because they will have their own conspiracy theories about the real intentions of politicians. The only way to disallow such a situation is to make sure that news reporting is kept as objective as possible by sticking to the facts and having very little opinion or emotional appeals included.

Classical proofs of God's existence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Classical proofs of gods existence - Essay ExampleThis essay shall aim at holding a detailed discussion on the existence of god, based on arguments by religious philosophers, philosophers and other unblemished arguments. The contributions of these bodies of knowledge and persons will be analyzed to assess their contribution to the validation of the existence of God. The essay shall too aim at evaluating whether the arguments can be defended afresh and if they can relate to the day to day biography of the contemporary human beings. Though the concept remains controversial, the arguments and different interpretations all aim at proving or disapproving the existence of God. doubting Thomas proof on Gods existence On the posterior of reason, God exists. A medieval discussion on the Gods existence cannot be spotless without a discussion on the contribution of Aquinas on Gods existence. In the transaction of Velecky, one would argue that Aquinas was on a mission to discuss the rela tionship between opinion and reason between Philosophy and Christianity (71). Aquinas views have also been indicated to be of great impact on the perception of God and religion (Velecky, 69). Aquinas indicates that a lot of things in the universe are in motion (Velecky, 73).This motion makes the movement more supernatural than movements that can be caused by a public human. In the work of Velecky, God is referred to as the first mover, who caused several movements of other bodies in the universe (73). This position also explains that God is the major causative agent of the occurrence of activities in the universe. Since one thing is caused by other, then God is the causative agent of the occurrence of these movements thus, He exists (Davies & Stump, 126). Thirdly, Aquinas proofs that God exists by tilt that God is a necessary being. According to Davies & Stump, all persons have their timespan at one time or another (126). This means that they fail to exist at one moment in the ir existence, but God does not fail to exist all the times. In an instance whereby God did not exist, then in that location will be no existence of supernatural events, but since He exists, humans fail, and their timespan is terminated, but He continues to exist and necessitate what humans require. Fourthly, medieval history that touches on existence of God relates to Aquinas arguments on the greatness of God. Davies & Stump indicate that God is the greatest of all the beings, since some things in the universe are far much greater than others (126). The degree of greatness varies from one person to another, thing to another, being to another amongst others. God is termed as the source of greatness therefore, He is the greatest of them all (Davies & Stump, 126). Lastly, Aquinas also regards the being as having imaginary, superb and unimaginable structure. This relates to the world as having a smart designer, who is God (Davies & Stump, 126). Through this argument, Aquinas validates that God exists. From Aquinas arguments, therefore, God can be said to exist and control all activities and happenings in the universe, as well as the creator (Wayne, 143). Pascals arguments In terms of self interest, God can be indicated to be existent. Medieval history also credits the arguments by Pascals Wager argument on the existence of God. In the words of

Political and Economical Developments in Asian Systems Essay

Political and economical Developments in Asian Systems - Essay ExampleThe kind of semipolitical system that exists in a land also influence the kind of legal system that is followed in the country for example in china the judiciary follows orders from the state but in America or India judiciary is an independent body run by its own legal framework. Factors that Determine the Level of Economic Growth There are several factors which determine the level of economic growth of a nation such as the 1) Investment Countries such as China and India has seen a robust growth in investiture over the past decade. 2) Human capital India with its large numbers of English speaking promote attracted outsourcing of back office jobs from western countries.3) Trade Barriers Asian countries such as India and china which stayed away from commercialize liberalization for a long time opened their gates for liberal trade since past both decades. 4) FDI and FIIs - Foreign direct investment and Foreig n institutional investors plays an important role as these investment over a period of time results in self generated wealth creation within the country.

The Cross-Cultural Care Survey to Assess Cultural Competency Article - 5

The Cross-Cultural Care fall over to Assess Cultural Competency - Article ExampleChun, et.al. used the Cross-Cultural Care Survey (CCCS) as the multidimensional rotating shaft to assess knowledge (preparedness), skill, attitudes, and quantity of cultural content integrated into a resident physician training program (Chun, Yamada, Huh, Hew, & Tasaka, 2010, p. 97). As explicitly indicated, the authors primary objective for conducting the study was identified as enhancing the feasibleness and further provide support for t validity and reliability of this tool for use in assessingcultural strength among residents across specialties.The authors first a sought the approval for revising the CCCS to enhance comprehensive ability and to modify the applicability of the survey to current knowledge, attitudes and skills identified in the health dole out setting. The survey was conducted using 84 participants who are residents of four identified specialties located in a community-based heal th institution. As disclosed, two pertinent variables were used in the study, to wit (1) whether residents were able to treat patients who speak a language other than English, and (2) whether they were natural in the United States or another country. An additional section asked participants about the extent of cross-cultural care training beyond medical school (Chun, Yamada, Huh, Hew, & Tasaka, 2010, p. 97).The results of the study revealed that the CCCS was a valid and effectively reliable tool in measuring the preparedness of the residents in addressing and providing health care to the diverse cultural needs of the patients. In detail, the following findings were eminent

Is Hydropower Really Environmentally Friendly Essay

Is Hydropower Really Environmentally Friendly - Essay ExampleHydropowers negative impacts on the environment argon almost equal to its positive impacts, thus making its impacts on the environment a heat up topic for debate. The positive and negative impacts of Three Gorges Dam on the environment will also be explored in this paper (Draper7, 11 Honningsvag et al. 183 Moog 1 Gunkel 1). There is a possibility that fossil fuels are bit by bit decreasing and because the ball-shaped warming is increasing due to their use, water is apparently a much pristine reference of energy. Moreover, unlike fossil fuels, water cannot be depleted. This is because when water evaporates from oceans and lakes, it is pulled back down to earth by gravity and back into these water bodies. There are many mea accepteds that make hydropower an environmentally friendly source of energy. These include changes that are made either to the hydropower plant or the area surrounding it. Trees can be planted on the land along the banks of the water nearest to the hydropower plant, in order to prevent corrosion of the soil there. Fluctuations in the level of the water can be minimized by making sure they take manoeuvre within the regulation height normally used instead of taking place between the whole maximum and minimum regulation height. This measure avoids many fishes from remaining stranded in the reservoir when the rest of them migrate to rivers or deeper water (Draper7, 11 Honningsvag et al. 183, 204, 206). However, according to a quantitative force field of several Austrian rivers, artificial fluctuations in water can have an adverse effect on the fish tool and benthic invertebrates living in those waters. In the investigation, the breakdown of benthic invertebrates and fish puppet was calculated through and throughout the length of the rivers. The results showed that between 75 and 95 part of benthic invertebrates biomass was found in the first few kilometers of river length. O n the other hand, a decrease of between 40 and 60 percent of benthic invertebrates biomass, compared with areas undisturbed by fluctuations, was found within the following 20 to 40 kilometers. When the biomass of fish fauna was detected in the same length of river, the results were similar to the ones mentioned previously. This proves that hydropower plants can reduce the biomass of fish fauna and benthic invertebrates in the rivers that precede them (Moog 1). Another negative effect of hydropower plants, according to some new investigations, is that they do open to the sackings of carbon dioxide and methane, which are greenhouse gases. When reservoirs, which are part of hydropower plants, are in a eutrophic state, and trophic levels are high, anaerobic conditions are bound to occur with the emission of methane. The pathways for the production of methane include diffuse emission through the water-air interface, foaming, and degassing in the hydropower plants turbines and downstrea m in the reservoir spillway and the initial river length. High emission rates of both carbon dioxide and methane are found particularly in shallow and tropical reservoirs. By calculating the energy density, hydropower capacity and ratio of the reservoir surface, it has been found that some reservoirs have a global warming potential that is more than that of coal use for production of energy. This investigation questions the labeling of water as a

The Philosophy of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Philosophy of Knowledge - Essay ExampleThe evolving nature of knowledge can be considered to be a manifestation of its highly unstable nature where it undergoes frequent turns over time. While this may be the case, knowledge is also a means through which cultures are developed and this is done through the transmitting of what is believed by a certain society to future generations. When knowledge is compared to truth, it can be suggested that the latter should be able to withstand the test of time and retain its basic truths (Church, 1962, p.322). Such situations tend to be extremely rare considering that the changes in society and the environment often ensure that opinions concerning different aspects of life often change over time. Truth is what human beings hold to be unchanging and this means that it is essential for it to remain immutable in order to ensure its credibility (McGarry 2010, p.8). The argument for the constant nature of truth was the belief, before the guess of evolution was developed by Charles Darwin, it was a common belief in Europe that all earth came into being in seven days. This belief was in line with the predominantly Christian biblical teachings that were ordinary in Europe during this age. All these changed with the development of the development of the theory of evolution and it is now considered a feature that all creatures evolved from more primitive forms over millions of years. What remains to be seen is whether the theory of evolution will hold to be considered true knowledge in the near future.

What is the association between nursing staffing levels and adult Article

What is the association between nursing staffing levels and adult patient falls in hospitals - Article exercisingAt hospital level, number of registered soak ups should be increase to monitor patients in the wards and provide the required services. From records, increased number of nurses decreases falls among adult patients (Griffiths et al., 2014). The nursing staffs should be given education so as to understand their roles and associated problems. On the other hand, nurses needs should be well catered to motivate them and have enabling environment to press their services. It can be achieved by considered them as financial assets that have a critical role in the hospital.However, in various unit-levels, experienced nurses should be retained at whichever cost. Evidence has shown that inexperience and lack of the undeniable skill have contributed significantly to the falls among adult patients (Griffiths, et al., 2014). During hiring, nurse skill mix should be considered. It inv olves victorious care of skill level and experience in order to improve services.From the records, it is not clear about(predicate) the component of a nurse that contributes most to the reduction of fall. It is, therefore, crucial to establish this through research and hold back recommendations. The future studies should as well focus on evaluating the role of non-registered nurse staffs to the increased falls in the hospitals. Their relationship should be validated through replication of studies.Griffiths, P., Ball, J., Drennan, J., Liz, J. & Michael, S. (2014). The association between patient safety outcomes and nurse / healthcare assistant skill mix and staffing levels & factors that may influence staffing requirements National Nursing Research Unit. saucy York, 1,

Sony Corporation Financial review for the Year 2004-2005(As until Essay

Sony Corporation Financial review for the social class 2004-2005(As until Nov05) - turn up ExampleIn the Electronics particle, Sony develops, designs, manufactures electronic equipment. Its subsidiary, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc., the Company develops, produces, manufactures and markets games like PlayStation, PS one, PlayStation 2, among otherwises. In the euphony segment, Sony produces recorded music and music videos, and also distributes compact discs (CDs), digital versatile discs (DVDs) and universal media discs (UMDs). Sonys Pictures segment includes production, encyclopedism and distribution of motion pictures, television broadcasting and online distribution. Sonys financial services include savings and loans. The Other segment consists of an advertising agency business and an Internet-related service business.Focusing on the recent financial year, Sony entered a unused stage of development, one that seeks to target opportunities in the upcoming era of broadband ne tworks. A new top-management aggroup made up of CEO Sir Howard Stringer, Director Dr. Ryoji Chubachi, and CFO Mr. Katsumi Ihara was formed to take the lead in this fundamental effort. This is a pivotal year for Sony Corporation, and this new structure will enable the company to streamline its operation, and earmark a more cohesive focus for direct its businesses around the world in a proactive and strategic manner.This Report is an attempt to analyze and review, in depth the financial status, position and a encompassing reporting of the same to the Investors of Sony Corporation.Financial & Market Standpoint(As of Nov2005)The global economy was generally strong during the first half(prenominal) of the fiscal year. However, the U.S. economy began to slow in the second half of the year due to a speedy slowdown in growth of consumer spending and other economic factors. As the fiscal year draw to a close, economies in Japan, Asia, Europe, and elsewhere showed increasing signs of weakness. Even amid these worsening market conditions, Sony was able to achieve a 9% increase in consolidated net sales for the year (Hem Scott, Inc. ). On a local anaesthetic currency basis, sales rose 12%(Hem Scott, Inc. ). A large increase in sales of electronics products was the elementary reason. Regarding earnings, the Electronics business performed very well, primarily due to the performance of digital products and semiconductors. The Game business posted a loss, which was chiefly a reflection of start-up expenses for the PlayStation 2 format. As a result, consolidated operating income increased completely 1% compared with the previous year. However, excluding the impact of the stronger yen, on a local currency basis consolidated operating income increased 47%.Share of sales and operating revenue by business segment* Year ended March 31, 2005 All eyes are on Sony or, more likely, on its high put on PlayStation home video game systems. PlayStation 2 dominates the game cons ole market with about 70% of global sales (Nintendos GameCube and Microsofts Xbox control about 15% each). Sony, one of the worlds top consumer electronics firms, also makes a host of other products,including PCs, digital cameras, Walkman stereos, and semiconductors these products account for more than 60% of the companys sales. Sonys entertainment assets include recorded music and

Extra assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

limited assignment - Essay ExampleThe article talks about the evil practice of evading taxes and the topic has been contract down by the author and primarily focuses upon the citizens of Switzerland.There are about 52000 American depositors who have advisedly inscrutable some teaching regarding tax evasion with the help of their Swiss Bank accounts, the Swiss politics are known for their secrecy and this is a double edged weapon and it is certainly proving out to be that way. The US government is moldting extreme pressure on the Swiss government to provide them with information of the American citizens who have Swiss bank accounts. The US government has even launched a civil typeface in Miami to get access to this pivotal information. The US government firmly believes that the American citizens have hidden their latent worth of about $ 14.8 billion in various Swiss bank accounts and recently a Swiss bank by the name UBS provided information important information to the US au thorities of as many as 250 US citizens who have their bank accounts with the bank.The Swiss government is trying really disfranchised to implement a tax system which impart complement their secrecy but this has not been enforced yet. The French president has also got involved in this and he recently said that Switzerland would be put in a black list of the G-20 members for being a tax- haven nation. The Swiss president has insure the US authorities that they have set up a panel to deal effectively with this potential bother of tax evasion. The Swiss officials have acknowledged that they have not been invited in a assemblage that deals mainly with reforming the international financial system. This is quite unfair, the officials should have invited to the conference in order to solve this problem. Avoiding these officials will not help in solving this colossal problem, the whole world is facing the same problem and this does not mean that the officials involved in solving this

Media Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Media Relations - Assignment pillow slipWith respect to Zimmermans case, Sanford police department and city officials would have instituted contingency measures meant to facilitate professional solution to such situations. In this case, media relations officers for the police force should have responded to journalists questions in a consistent and convincing manner2. Relevant media respondents would have allowed timely provision of preliminary assumptions of Martins death. Such timely and convincing answer helps to build public support hence activating a positive public opinion for the institutions. fresh federal and state institutions across the US adopt substantial use of internet in their mould of distributing information. In the case of Martins death, Sanford police department availed limited information through the city website3. inwardly the use of internet media, there is a signifi plentyt growth of popularity in blogging from sections of participatory journalism and st ill from the mainstream public. Blogging utilizes technological advances used in HTML and FLP. Once organizations publish articles in their website, the technology allows readers to leave comments beneath the articles.This technology serves as an appropriate platform where media personnel and the public members engage in interactive conversations concerning a subject under considerations. Blogs, being a dynamic media technology, poses both positive and negative ramifications. Positive comments can enhance development of a constructive interactions hence developing a reputable perspective on the articles content4. On the other hand, lack of timely and reliable information in website articles equivalent in the case of Martins death sparks the public to leave negative comments that twists public opinion on an

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) Essay

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) influence of fellowship management and organizational education to an organization to form competitive advantage - Essay Examplent position in this as they be the real knowledge producers and hence any new knowledge that a company looks for is produced courtesy through with(predicate) these people. (Rocca, 1992) Competitive success is staple fibreally commanded by the companys capability to harness and indeed develop new forms of knowledge, gained any by observation or by experience attained, which can be called as assets that in deal create the required core competencies of the express organization. (Sims, 2002)While these competencies do exist in many forms, study on the part of a particular company plays a pivotal role, which eventually ventures into other resources of knowledge to generate high-class and exceptional showing from the companys employees. (Dunn, 2001) Core competencies, which usually flow fa ll out of a company, provide characteristic benefits to both the customers as well as any other individuals abandoned with it. These are generally espied as being the foundation of forming a competitive advantage inside the said company. (Chang, 2001)It is quite true that there is a host of ways in which new knowledge within a company is facilitated within its ranks. The need here is to classify them with respect to their importance, which include the cultural al-Qaida can be changed within a company so as to gather some residue to the fact of the actual remains that have to be taken care of in the company and in its employees minds. It demands idealization and disclosure of everlasting knowledge that is created over a certain period of time. This usually requires basic changes to already set cultural notions in companies and more so in the minds of their employees. (Fahy, 1996) Also operational stem is changed through human resources organizational practices that are managed an d received by the employees and other people in a different way altogether.A basic revamping of a knowledge-centered company is required here, which would involve the job ladders, compensations,

Employment Relations in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment Relations in Australia - Essay ExampleIn addition to this, the distribute federations atomic number 18 deemed non to be of necessity as this would ask conflicts which are a vise and would bring disruptions. From the perspective of the employees, they should be multi skil take, flexible and should focus on improvement of business processes. Their efficiency is required to de ripe time in every field that they may be required to work in. The unions that are to be recognised are plainly those which are going to further communication between staff groups and the social club but not for fighting of rights and seemingly propaganda. In addition to this, good relations and decision make participation is enabled and this is d whizz to improve performance, enhance innovativeness, promote creativity and this is expected to improve the conditions of employment. The conflicts in an validation are in this believed to emanate from inadequacy on the communication of management p olicies and information lack The unitaristic sexual climax in Australia is more fictitious as it assumes that the employees will start out a common interest with that of the nerve and the employers and that is to focus on achieving maximum results, following companys policies and adhering to their goals under all conditions. This opposes the thought propounded by Moore and Gardner on managerial prerogative, the validity of unitary in Australia is in question as the theory is only a lie that lies in the heart of HRM philosophy. The insistence on maintenance of a unitaristic state in organizations has gone far and wide to creating tensions in work places and is even believed that the employees no seven-day work expose of good will, but out of lacking an alternative and have to bear the burden of following that which virtually of them do not believe in. and although they are involved in the decision making process, their interests do not supersede those of the organization and ar e therefore subordinate to them. Whenever there has been any tendency of formation of unions, measures have been taken, first to deal with those involved and then with disintegrating the unions as demonstrated by Plowman, David H. (2005) in Recruitment strategies and union exclusion in two Australian call centers. The result which is a case of inequality has led to controversies far reaching even to the policy makers who have not taken it to be a heartbreaking case. Their argument is that for a case where growth and development has occurred, this should not be taken as a problem but an avoidable circumstance. Inequality in itself is not a state of poverty, but its a situation where equal efforts are not rewarded the same to different employees. It is seen more to be instruction of discriminating between parties for one reason or the other, either as a punishment or it may go too far to be a bit personal where even benefits and bonuses are involved. This may take different forms du e to race, gender, age, ethnicity, or as a way to let one learn a lesson in obedience to a certain powerful external force. Discussion thither has been means in which this has evolved over time, most of which has been innovative and varied over time. For instance, the workplace relationships and awards have shifted from existence centralised to being decentralised and the joint negotiations, agreements and awards to being individualised, the permanent contracts on jobs are no longer applicable as contingent working environments have taken their place. This has diminished the collective bargaining

Network Security Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nedeucerk Security Questions - Assignment ExampleBotnets in the first place send harmful mails in form of spam campaign messages to the target points of the attackers. The botnet can therefore unfold as viruses, Trojans or worms through emails and websites.The objectives of botnet attack are to enable the attackers spy on the victims and gain memory access to sensitive information such as financial statements. They steal the victims credentials and hijack banking information, ultimately principal to stealing of money. Their transactions run concurrently with those of their victims. The attackers can also use botnet to access the system origination codes.Botnet attackers can use their victims computers and resources for sending malicious spam. These can then spy other victims and execute denial of service command against them. The victims spend a lot of money as considerably as time to recover from the consequences. Worse still, botnet attacks can land victims into legal chall enges. It is not easy for the victim to realize from the onset that the sender of the malware is in fact a fellow victim. In that case, the end victim may take sue the supposed attackers.On the other hand, placeholder firewalls are intermediate barriers that postulate every calling instructions moving into a network. It achieves this through impersonation of the actual receiving point of the traffic in the network. From the results of inspection, it grants or denies access and the proxy firewall relays feedback to the destination. After the destination replies, proxy firewall ends the connection. Only one of the two computers remains connected to the global network.ACLS are not capable of reading past packet headers. This gives hardly basic details concerning the network. In this regard, ACLs packet filtering is not sufficient in itself to eliminate network threats. placeholder firewall demands that every application require a separate proxy at the level of each application. Pro xy firewall network suffer

Academic English Writing in Bioscience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic English Writing in Bioscience - set ab egress ExampleThis paper seeks to address both good and bad factors that amaze arisen from organ donation.The dust organs that are usually considered for donation include hearts, kidneys, lungs, livers, and the pancreas. Body tissues that are donated include skin, corneas, connective tissues, bone, and blood vessels. harmonize to (Tilney, 2003137), the donation of a liver, heart, pancreas, and lungs can only take place if the donor is brain dead. The donation of body tissues like skin, bone, and corneas, on the other hand, can take place in spite of age as well as with any fatal outcome. In the last decade, there are some factors that have adjoind the number of organ transplant that have been successfully carried out. These include3) The creation of improved methods for the guardianship of donor organs after their operative removal. According to (Bramstedt and Down, 201161), there was a five percent increase in the total number of organ transplants carried out in 2010 in the United Kingdom compared to the earlier year. This amounted to 3706 people receiving new organs. More transplant centres were also started in the major hospitals. According to (Bramstedt and Down, 201194) doctors felt to a greater extent prepared to take on additional transplant cases because of the improvement of technologies that preserve the state of the organs when in transit to the recipient.On one hand, organ donation gives another person who was close to death a chance to live. Supporters of organ transplants point out that extending life to another person is the noblest thing that any homo can do. On the other hand, as (Schwartz, 200558) states, the opponents of organ donation have in the past pointed out that organ donation operations are fraught with risks for the donor. This is not something that is often spoken about. According to (Schwartz, 200576), as a half of all liver donors usually have to deal with complications like m ore surgical

Academic and career plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic and career plans - Essay ExampleThe diversity commitment at the university exit allow me thrive academically and socially as I provide be supported in my academic pursuits.Going through the integrative and global foundations core classes will give me the opportunity to take in what the school has to offer, enabling me to choose the right major(s). International firms such as Ernst & Young and the United Nations irritability my interest as I look for career options. Considering that ninety-four percent of under alumnus students coming come in of Kelley School of Business report a full time job or acceptance to graduate school within ninety days of graduation, I feel secure and confident that I will be a success in the workforce.There have been obstacles and challenges throughout my educational career. I am soon enduring challenges of meeting my college application deadlines and maintaining my school work. Sometimes I feel like swelled up however, being a student that f alls in the seventy-fifth percentile in similar test scores, it is crucial for me to do all the scholarship applications I can.While I was having the time of my biography in this club, I noticed that membership, participation, and fundraising efforts were lacking. I decided to run for president in the 2013-2014 school year, with goals of increase membership, improving communication, and conducting successful fund raising projects. My campaign was successful and I am now the FBLA president.I spent a great deal of time coming up with and executing various merchandise strategies to make the name of FBLA better known all through the school, and even in the community. Our membership has change magnitude by one-third. Our communication sources are much better therefore, more members participate in our events. We are currently raising funds by selling Hornet Stingers (chicken bites) and fries at the Hillside football games, a project that has enhance my leadership

Museum of Tolerance Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museum of Tolerance - Personal mastery ExampleThe museum without the expertise of the team from Collections department will not be able to accumulate the impersonate collection of precious and prized pieces of arts, literature, and music. The people from create Operations department are responsible for the museums physical hold back and grammatical construction security.Management has the responsibility to take necessary actions in order to address the pressing let on of big budget which has been cut from the museums annual subsidy. After carefully reviewing the current administrative structure, collections, research, public programs, building operations, and all other museum activities, and after examining functional duties of each department, one can still cut the Building Operations departments budget. The building has enough security cameras that a dozen of security men are proper enough to handle the museums security threat such as burglars, thieves, and vandals.I have vi sited several museums plainly this has been, by far, one of my favorites. The things may remind one of the horrors of the Holocaust but it serves to remind us of our sustain mortality.

English Contemporary Historical Fictions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

English Contemporary Historical Fictions - hear Exampleterary genre, Romance depicts a style of narrative verse or heroic prose that was very such(prenominal) used in Europe during the Middle Ages right up to the time of Renaissance. This literary genre includes fiery love stories which can be fiction or reality or it could be highly intrepid tales about heroic deeds and secret love by knights and passionate ladies. Good examples of Romances are Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest.There are yet others who are of the opinion that it is a name that is given to the sundry(a) languages and people associated with the Latin language. It is also described as A type of narrative fiction characterized by the fanciful, often idealistic, treatment of subject matter love and adventure are often its principal themes. . . . (Guerin et al. 326). The quixotic period spans over the time during which Wordsworth and Coledridge (1798) lived to create wonderful Lyrical Ballads of love an d adventure and goes right up to the time Charles Dickens career to 1832. (Holman 405)According to Guerin, Realism is the opposite of Romance, he says A manner of monstrance in literature that stresses an accurate, perhaps even factual, treatment of subject matter. The emphasis is on the rational and probable, as opposed, for example, to the romantic (Guerin et al. 326). Therefore we find that Romance is more fictional than realistic and depends largely on imaginary, sour and mysterious characters and settings. Romances as opposed to Realistic stories use passionate love and adventure as a base in penning novels and poetry.Sarah Dunant was born in 1950 and completed her education at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith, London. Her novel of The Birth of Venus (2003) is an inspiring tale of art, politics, danger and passion. She worked as an actress for some time and and then became a novelist, critic and a broadcaster on BBC radio in 1974. She had won many awards for her writing which

Scientific Concepts and Methodologies Assignment

Scientific Concepts and Methodologies - Assignment ExampleThe drop off phase is described with minimized or no uptake of irrigate supply after the previous imbibition. The water that is imbibed in the stolon phase is important to the processes of physiology that takes place in the second phase. The third phase is the fore protrusion (Vysotskii, Kornilova & Smirnov, 2009). The effect of up taking water is the cell enlargement which is characterized by the cell division. The small root enlargement helps in weakening the walls of cells and breaks through the coat of reservoir. It is evident, that water plays a crucial factor in the germination phases.Water is among the main environmental factors that affect the seed germination. In somewhat cases, water is a single factor that will limit if or not a seed is going to germinate. In the case of marigolds, a abandoned temperature needs to break the dormancy for the marigolds to start the first stage of taking up water. The seeds o f marigolds take in water in three staged, each is characterized by the amount of water absorbed and the opposition it will have on the amount that is absorbed and the impact it has on the seed itself.The hypothesis if water is given to the marigold seed, the seed will germinate and later parent compared to the seed having no water was supported. From the observation, only three of the seeds without water grew. In the controlled company 8 of the 10 seeds germinated and later grew.The average growth for the controlled group was 4.37 while the average growth for the experimental group was 0.38. Therefore, given water is needed for a seed to grow. The water is important in chemical reactions since it is photosynthesis raw material. Without water no growth can take place and he plants will lack the energy to be given out chemical reactions. 9 of the planted seeds did not grow at all. 2 from the control group and 7 from the experimental group. It is no surprise that some of the marig old seeds did not germinate from the experimental

Business and Financial Environment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business and Financial Environment 2 - Essay Example(Moles and Terry, 1997). A firm faces finances assay if there is a high probability that it might be inefficient to meet its fixed financial obligations or prior chares such as interest, nous repayments, lease payments, or preferred stock dividends. Financial risk is therefore risk arising from the use of debt finance, which requires periodic payments of interest and principal and may not be covered by the firms operating cash flows. (Moles and Terry, 1997).The capital structure of a firm is made up of both debt and equity components. Although the use of debt in financing part of the firms trading operations is advantageous to the firm, these advantages tend to disappear when too much debt is used. In effect when debt is used above the optimal take aim, the result is financial distress. (Ross et al, 1999). Ross et al (1999) asserts that debt puts pressure on the firm, since interest and principal repayments as well as short-te rm payables are financial obligations. In the event where these obligations are not met, the firm may risk some sort of financial distress. (Ross et al, 1999). Debt obligations are fundamentally different from stock obligations in that bondholders are licitly entitled to interest and principal repayments more than stockholders are legally entitled to dividends. (Ross et al, 1999). ... (Ross et al, 1999).Although debt carries a tax advantage, the be of financial distress tend to offset this advantage when debt is used above the optimal level. (Ross et al, 1999). The optimal level of debt can be referred to as the debt level that provides the maximum firm value. the value of the firm begins to disappear one time this debt level is exceeded. (Ross et al, 1999). The firm should therefore adopt a debt-to-equity ratio that maximizes the value of the firm. (Ross et al, 1999).Question (ii)WCOA Ltd Ordinary Shareholders require identify of picture.Under this section, the required rate o f return is calculated under the assumption that the risk level of the new enthronisation remains the same as the risk of the original investment. This calculation is done forrader and after the issue of the new debentures. Having said this we now calculate the required rate of return beforehand the issue of the new debentures and we later calculate the return after the issue of the new debentures.a) Required Rate of Return for WCOA Ordinary Shareholders Before the issue of the saucily Debentures.1Earnings from original investments 64.000 Earnings from new investment 8.000 Total Earnings before interest 72.000 disport (8% of 320,000) 25.600 Earnings after interest 46.400 Number of shares heavy(p)130.000Earnings per share (EPS)0,3569Book Value 260.000Book Value per share2Expected Return on ordinary equity shares (ROE)17,85%b) Required Rate of Return for WCOA Ordinary Shareholders after the issue of the New Debentures.2Earnings from original investments 64.000 Earnings from new investment 8.000 Total Earnings before interest 72.000 Interest (8% of 400,000)

Understanding how asset classes and systematic strategies behave and Thesis - 1

Understanding how asset classes and systematic strategies set and perform during several(predicate) macro frugal environments - Thesis ExampleThe CLI system uses a predefined system of indicators and uses their manifold measure to hollo the future economic activities. The movement of CLI is in the same direction of movement of the business make pass and they are specially designed to recognize the turning point. However, CLIs cannot be utilize to predict the intensity of convalescence of the business cycle. The importance of this method has increased even more after the global financial crisis of 2008 as it has become very important for the policy makers, economists and other agents related to the business cycle to analyze the economic condition correctly (OECD, 2009).In case of the CLI OECD indicators it has been observed that the CLI results are mainly used by the in-house users. Analysts have mainly used this method to determine the current state of the economy. This paper focuses on the use of CLI indicators in predicting the future pattern of economic growth in a tally of economies. This is done by reviewing the existing literature. The final part of the paper focuses on the behaviour of the asset classes and its likeness to the business cycle.The CLI indicators was introduced in 1938 and has been modified a number of times to improve its efficiency everyplace time. It has been stated that CLIs are mainly constructed by using adduce series as it represents a composite of many other indicators. As in most of the other composite indicators Gross Domestic mathematical product was expected to be one of the major indicators to be used as reference series in constructing CLI. However, in practice it has been observed that Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is taken as the primary reference series. The rationale behind involving IIP is that this is measured on a monthly basis whereas GDP is measured at a quarterly basis. It is for this reason that I IP is found to show the way in which GDP will behave in the subsequent months. In case of OECD countries the concept of leading

Child health issue and its effect on the child and family (Autism) Essay

Child health issue and its effect on the youngster and family (Autism) - Essay workoutThe paper Child health issue and its effect on the electric razor and family (Autism) discusses the importance of the relationships of an autistic boor and parents. Currently, Autism affects about one in every100 children. In UK, about 100,000 children have been diagnosed with Autism, with close to half a meg families directly affected by this condition. Though, the number of children having a Statement of Special Educational Needs cadaver to be 2.8%, the number of children whose statement invest autism as a primary need has gone up by 5% since 2011. Indeed, very recent diagnosis rates have pointed out that close to quatern times as many boys as the girls have autism. Research has revealed that, divorce rate of parents of children diagnosed with autism is 60% higher(prenominal) than the average. In a UK study of families having autism it was established that one in every three were single pa rents. Notably, exactly 11% of the carers who have children diagnosed with autism work full time where about 70% have reported of the leave out of appropriate care facilities which causes them to fail to work. As such, the understanding that autism is drastically on the rise being couple with difficulties arising from the care of an autistic child has fueled the recent calls for a therapeutic to this condition. Since autism was identified in the UK, efforts to cure it have been underway. Indeed, the search for cure has often been brought into the limelight by the media, with the frequent question being that if crabmeat can be cured then why not autism. More importantly, if a cure for autism is to be found, then it is through creation and maintenance of programs and policies, that acknowledge the challenges of autism, having build it on autistic individuals abilities, and further capture it possible for those in the line of the spectrum to live fully in the community and the lar ger world (Clements and Zarkowska, 2000). By and large, the children Act Amendments on the proposed 1989 children Act of are in place to provide a more divided parenting. Section I 2A points it out that the parent could be involved in a childs life in a manner that does not risk or expose a child to harm (Department for Education and Skills, 2004). Additionally, that if there is evidence on negative involvement of apparent on the child then the initial provisions will reconsider. Indeed the purpose of the amendments is to reinforce a Childs importance on relationships with the parents even in situation of divorce where the child interests will be considered first (Mitchell, 2012). However, other critics point it out the legislation may only put a child in greater randy torture when the right ownership is contested in a court of law (Laming, 2009). The school insurance statements points it out that, children with special needs may be admitted to specialist schools and further proce ed to different levels in the mainstream education or the special schools in the local authority. Notably, schools will implement the policies on the behavioral second as well as bullying education sexual harassment and general safe guarding. As such, school role is inclusive of the provision of academic education as well as evolve children on the social practical and communication skills (Merrell, 2007). Last but not least, proper student to module ratio is to be maintained. Parents and the community have been encouraged to work collaboratively

Three reasons why I attend college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

terzetto reasons wherefore I envision college - Essay ExampleLastly, college education helps in contributing towards the nations prosperity. A few people have the privilege to access a college point in magazine because of several stinting and social reasons it is due to these three reasons that college is important.One of the most evident benefits of college education-and one of the reasons why I attend college- is gaining access to employment opportunities. According to a 2013 report by the College Board dubbed Education Pays, people with high education levels are more likely to be employed. In the report, Baum, Ma & Payea (p. 5) note that in the course 2011 the unemployment rate for college point holders aged between 25 years and 34 years was 7.1 percentage points slight than that for high tutor lambskin holders. Additionally, the rate of unemployment for individuals with associate degrees and individuals who attended college but lack a degree was 4.0 and 1.6 percentage po ints little than that for high school diploma holders, respectively Baum et al (p. 5). Although some people whitethorn argue that the leg up for recent college graduates on their lesser educated counterparts is not a especially comely leg currently (Bruni (n.p), a comparison of the unemployment rates between college degree holders and high school diploma holders clearly reveals that college graduates have an easy time in finding jobs.Another reason why college is important is it helps to gain access to higher paying jobs. In most cases, individuals who have a college degree earn more than their less educated counterparts. According to Baum et al (p. 5), the median incomes of individuals with a bachelors degree but who lack advanced degrees and are employed on a full time basis in 2011 was $56,500, which is $21,100 greater than the median incomes of high school diploma holders. Additionally, high school diploma holders who were working on a full time basis earned 14 percent less tha n

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Company law - Essay ExampleFor example, the verdict of this case law also highlights that the follow can also be carry outd or can sue differents as well. Through this authority, the company will be given an opportunity to defend itself and provide reasonableness for legitimising their business actions and their ramifications as well. At the same time, the company has right to own property, assets and liabilities as well. When these characteristics are compared with a natural human being, it can be deduced that two corporate entity and human being have interchangeable rights, authority and ownership of assets. However, there are certain circumstances in which this artificial existence is not allowed but the veil of incorporation is lifted for ascertaining liability or any other legal rationalize that have necessitated such action.In the following parts of this essay, first the case study background has been provided in which the basic facts and other details have been included . Subsequently, the related held has also been provided. It is followed by various sections highlighting the square off on English company law and common law as well. In this discussion segment, both aspects have been highlighted so as to ascertain and understand the usefulness of this case law. For this purpose, support of subsequent other case laws has also been provided.Salomon was a merchant in the boot and leather business. With the passage of time, the business experienced a steady rise which required additional capital and members as well. In order to congruous the needs of growing business, Solomon decided to form a limited company by taking his family members as partners. Subsequently, he sold the business control and ownership to the new company as the new company paid cash, debentures and shares as well. However, due to the certain events, the company was liquidated and the case was moved into the court because the parties argued that Solomon and the

Relationship Between Development Of The Sound System And Overall Motor Essay

Relationship Between Development Of The blend System And Overall Motor Development In Children - Essay ExampleThis essay stresses that that two children by dissimilar patterns of take of speech sounds throughout an early period of phonological development preserve contrariety in production patterns during the developmental period.This paper makes a conclusion that though equally childrens articulatory skills appeared to be inside normal limits, as compared by their peers, one was in advance of the further in completing the phonetic inventory. Furthermore, their approaches to the manufacture of polysyllabic words at Time 1 were evocative of their later production skills for incessant speech. Even though these outcomes are not broadly generalizable, they begin to offer evidence for young hypotheses in the literature concerning the relationship between premature pronunciation processes and afterward pronunciation skill. Several predictions make by this study that may be tested by p otential studies are the subsequent 1. showtime of all the use of glottal and glide substitute for intervocalic consonants throughout early stages of development may be prophetic of moderately slower development of precise articulatory motion wanted for the production of affricates and no early clusters. 2. Early concluding consonant deletion, glottal, and glide substitute do not come into mess to be analytical, necessarily, of a wide-ranging linguistic deficit or a harsh phonological difficulty. 3. No doubt, a premature partiality for assimilation and reduplication processes does not come into view to be prognostic of sluggish phonological learning.

What is the best way to motivate employees to perform better Essay

What is the best steering to motivate employees to perform better - Essay ExampleThe other school of thought is that workers are do to perform better by internal motivating factors, such as achievement, enjoyment, a sense of competence, and own(prenominal) loyalty to employees, which are factors that drive employees to work better or harder (intrinsic demand) (Linder, 1998 p6). What all have in common, however, is that whether external or internal, rewards play an essential role in job satisfaction for the employee.When examining the internal factors that motivate employees, it has been prove that the behaviour of employees is linked to attitudes and that the motivation for employees is not solely dependent on m championy (Lindner, 1998 p7). Internal factors of motivation consist of variables that are directly associated with the work of team members with such dimensions as challenging work environments, autonomy, and obligation being closely linked with intrinsic motivation o f employees. Indeed, interesting work has been identified as one of the most important internal factors of motivation, while having a sense of ownership concerning the work and output as well acts as a major motivating factor. There is no clear agreement on where the office for providing these set of motivating factors comes from, however. This is in line with Lindners (1998 p7) idea that these motivating factors differ within the organizational circumstance that the employee works in.Under a rewards system, it is clear that it is up to the management to provide motivation for employees. Longenecker (2011 p11) states that managers are trustworthy for motivating employees to use their talents and energy more willingly by encouraging ownership through sustentation of productive relationships and developing trust with individual employees. Lindner (1998 p) also identifies managers as being responsible for motivating their employees, noting that they should vouch that the work

Emergence of Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Emergence of Integrated Marketing communication - Essay ExampleThe integrated marketing campaign can non be successful if the different deliverables are not put in a direct fashion towards the target audience no matter it is the primary one or the secondary target market. The marketing plan, however, remains the key in such a situation and it cannot be counted off, no matter how difficult the undertakings or executions of the IMC turn out to be. Thus IMC and MC mustiness go hand in hand towards a successful execution of the product and/or services message geared towards the relevant target audience.Message consistency is indeed a significant aspect of the integrated marketing campaign since the old campaigns might just get manifold with the newer campaigns that are brought forward by the relevant brand, which could either be a product or a service and in some cases, a hybrid also works to some effect. The message must remain geared towards a selected target audience as this ensur es that there are no shortcomings on the part of the people for which the message is put out, in the first place. With that, we must understand that a well(p) balanced IMC campaign looks to plug the shortcomings which usually arise in the wake of changing messages and when certain strategies and tactical manoeuvre are amended for one reason or the other. The reasons could be aplenty but the most important occasion here to understand is the fact that the message must remain synchronized and there are no double meanings or embedded messages beneath the new campaign brought forward by the product and/or service. Message consistency within an effective and efficient IMC campaign suggests that the brand team has done its formulation well and that there are no hindrances in the wake of it achieving short-term benefits and long-term, strategic profits.

The Future is Personalized Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Future is Personalized Medicine - Essay ExamplePharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics, which be expected to be at the core of PM, combine to offer several advantages over conventional clinical methods. For example, while pharmacogenomics is limited to identifyng inheritable response to medication across the whole genome, pharmacogenetics studies the effects of medication at the level of respective(prenominal) genes (the chart below outlines how it operates). The former also tries to reveal important links between genomic patterns and clinical responses. much(prenominal) links are crucial sources of medical knowledge, as they empower clinicians to choose a particular intercession option based on individual patient condition as opposed to adopting a conventional trial-and-error approach. (Hood, 2003, p.582) The Human Genome Project (HGP), initiated and supported by former American President Bill Clinton was opposite to subsequent breakthroughs in Personalized Medicine. With th e help of advanced computing power, already more than 3 one million million base pairs of DNA have been successfully mapped. With the completion of the HGP in 2003, new possibilities for PM have been open up. Working expeditiously to make Personalized Medicine a reality in the near incoming are such organizations as the International HapMap Project, the NIH Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE), the Roadmap Epigenomics Program, etc. (Cox, et. al., 2007, p.112) In order to visualize the scope and effectiveness of Personalized Medicine, let us take a hypothetical persona. For instance, in the case of oncology treatment, where presently oral-intake medicines can cost hundreds (if not thousands) of dollars per year for the afflicted patient, deduceing the intricate genetic pathways (which is odd to all(prenominal) individual) is important in order to determine the probable efficacy of a particular therapy course. It is a indicate of progress that in the United States today in that location are 6 drugs for which FDA requires diagnostic genetic scrutiny before prescription, about 30 for which a diagnostic test is recommended, and another 200 with pharmacogenomic information on the labels. (Hesselgrave, 2010, p.16) Moreover, traditional healthcare provision adopts an one-size-fits-all approach. Whereas, under Personalized Medicine, this practice will be dismantled and unique prognostic courses would be designed based on the patients genetic make up. Powerful technologies that try to understand the working of the human body down to the cellular level will be part of proximo PM treatments. These technologies include genomics, proteomics (the study of proteins), and metabolomics (the study of metabolites) amongst others. Metabolomics is of special interest to physicians as it has the potential to provide separate information about individual patients. While the offer of proteomics research is to identify abnormal protein patterns in patients, the purpose o f metabolomic research is to identify abnormal metabolite patterns. Scientists are of the view that human bodies contain more than 3,000 metabolites that play a crucial role in proper growth and development of various organs. Apart from these primary metabolites there are secondary metabolites which strenghthen the immune system and helps reduce mental and physical stress. Of particular interest to the medical community are low-molecular-weight metabolites

Aristotle on the Soul Essay Example for Free

Aristotle on the Soul EssayAristotles notion differs from the usual conception of a individual as more or less sort of effect occupying the be, existing separately and etern altogethery. To him, the mortal is the essence of a purport story thing. The individual is what makes an existence an organism at only by actualizing its say-so for life, and its constituted by its subject matter for activities native to that specific type of existence. His investigation into the reputation of the disposition demonstrates basic principles of his philosophical theories at work, including Hylomorphism, potentiality and actuality, and his foursome hits. His use of these theories in analyzing and teasing out the complexities of the sense make for a cohesive and comprehensive study, comfortably amenable with his other works. In this paper I allow for analyze his notion of the soul as described in De Anima, recounting how he came to define the soul, the explanation of the soul , how the souls of different kinds of ensouled beings differ, and his crotchety concept of how the soul is related to the body.Aristotle begins Book 1 of De Anima by stating that since the soul is a principle of animals, and here I exit interpret animals to mean more broadly beings, describing its essence has implications beyond its obvious scope. In unfolding the nature of the soul, it is possible to determine which attributes belong to the soul al unity and which belong to the organism in equity of having a soul (Aristotle, De Anima 402a). So besides exploring the nature of life, his analysis will also seek to answer the suspicion of whether all mental solid grounds (of the soul) be also material states of the body, or whether some attributes of the soul are unique to it.In doing so, we are confronted with the interesting implication of Aristotles position on the mind/body problem, to which I will get to later on. Returning to the question at hand (what is the soul? ), Ari stotle starts his investigation by use of his explanatory theory of Hylomorphism, which states that substances are compounds of matter and form, and modification occurs when form actualizes matter (Shields). There are three sorts of substances form, matter, and the compound of form and matter. Matter is potentiality and form is actuality.Form actualizes matter, which occupyes the potential to be what it is. So using Aristotles caseful of a bronze statue, the matter, in this case the bronze, only actualizes its potential of being a statue when it acquires the form, or the shape and features. Of interest is the third kind of substance, compounds, which make up existent beings. The body is the substance as matter, so the soul is the substance as form or shape. here we get to Aristotles preliminary comment of the soul as the actuality of a pictorial body having life potentially (Aristotle, De Anima 412).It is in merit of this form, the soul, that makes an organism alive. Without the soul, the body would only fuck off the capacity for life potentially, and so the soul is the essence (the form) of sustenance(a) things. This preliminary explanation is taken a step further when Aristotle identifies the soul as the primary actuality of a indispensable body that is potentially alive (Aristotle, De Anima 412a). He claims that the actuality that is the soul is interchangeable the actuality that is cognition, in that we speak of it in two ways.We can distinguish between a state of designed x and a state of attending to the knowledge of x, where the latter is more of an active process. The passive of state of knowing x is the send-off actuality, first because it must necessarily come prior to attending or remembering that knowledge i. e. potential forgos actual. Similarly, the soul of a sleeping person is uniform the passive state, the first actuality, age the soul of an awake person is like the active state.The soul must be the first actuality, for if not we would be forced to say a sleeping animal lacks a soul, a shutting we do not want to make (Aristotle, De Anima 412a-412b). First actuality seems to correspond to a capacity to engage in the activity of the second actuality, and in this way is a kind of potential to exercise some function, like the ability to engage in thought. Aristotle makes this clear when he states that, If the eye, for instance, were an animal, sight would be its soul (Aristotle, De Anima 412b).Sight is the capacity of the eye for seeing, where sight is the form and the eye is the matter. The first actuality is the capacity for seeing, and the second actuality is seeing, actively exercising the potential ability. So it seems that beyond defining the soul as the first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive, we can say the soul is a set of capacities that characterize living things. These characteristic capacities are different in different beings, and we will see that it is by these that Ari stotle creates his hierarchy of ensouled beings or the degrees of souls.I will return to this distinction later in this paper, when describing how the souls of different ensouled beings differ. At this point we have a definition of the soul, but as Aristotle stresses throughout his various works, we must determine the cause or explanation in couch to truly grasp the essence, and therefore get at complete picture of his view of the soul. The definition just given explains the what, but a full account must explain the why. He states in the Physics, for our inquiry aims at knowledge and we think we know something only when we take the reason why it is so, i. . , when we find its primary cause (Aristotle, Physics 194b).His criteria for an adequate definition, one that is sufficient for knowledge, rest on his theory of condition and explanation. The four causes include the material cause, dinner gown cause, efficient cause, and final cause. Material cause is what something is made of , the formal cause is the form or pattern of which a thing is what it is, the efficient cause refers to the instrument of alter or rest, and the final cause is the intended purpose of the change or the reason why a thing is done (Shields).We must, therefore, determine why the soul is what it is in virtue of these four general causes. The soul is the principle and the cause of the living body, for it is in virtue of the soul that the body is alive, and thusly it plays an explanatory role. It is the cause of the living body in three of the four ways, as the source of motion, as what something is for, and as the substance of ensouled bodies(Aristotle, De Anima 415), corresponding to the efficient cause, the final cause, and the formal cause respectively.It is the source of motion in that it causes growth and crumple in the organism. The soul is also the cause of the living body by being the final cause, as the body is merely an organ for the sake of the soul, aimed at the soul. And finally, the soul is the formal cause of the living body for it causes life by being the form and actuality of what is potentially. The body makes up the fourth cause, the material cause, by being the matter that makes up a living organism (Aristotle, De Anima 415).I will use Aristotles example of the nature of a signboard as described in Book One, when he is discussing the importance of form, in fix up to better illustrate the necessity for analysis of a concept under his theory of component and explanation. To merely define a house as stones, bricks, and timbers, is not to capture its full essence. A house is stones, bricks, and timbers (material cause), built into an enclosed structure (formal cause), fashioned together by a carpenter (efficient cause), in order to provide shelter from the elements (final cause).We can describe the what, but without further details about the explanation, we dont really know the nature of a house. Similarly the soul is why, it gives the expla nation for, the life activities of a living body. At this point Aristotles notion of the soul is quite clear it is the first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive, it is a set of capacities for life-giving and defining activities of organisms, and it is the form, the source of motion, and the means (it directs) to the end of the living body.Souls of different living beings are differentiated by their capacities to engage in the activities characteristic of that type of organism, which correct their livelihood and survival. It is these differentiating faculties that make up the soul. Among these faculties are the nutritive and reproductive, perceptive, locomotive, and the capacity for thought and understanding. Aristotle claims, the soul is the principle of the potentialities we have mentionedfor nutrition, recognition, understanding, and motionand is defined by them (Aristotle, De Anima 413).There are three types of souls, arranged in a nested hierarchy, so the pos session of a higher soul entails possession of all that are below it. The lowest, or most basic, in this hierarchy is the nutritive soul. All living things possess the capacity for self-nourishment, for without this they would not live. Next is the delicate soul, which is possessed only by animals. The highest type of soul is the rational soul, belonging only to creation. These three souls are differentiated by their function, corresponding to the ensouled being in possession of the soul with the causality to exercise that function. musical composition the animal soul possesses the nutritive and the sensitive, and the human soul the rational as well, each has but one unified soul with a various sets of capacities (Shields). The nutritive soul is the potentiality held by all living things to preserve it and equip it for life. The function of this soul is the use of nourishment and generation, or reproduction. Generation is the most natural function, as it is a means for a living b eing to participate in the future (the constant and divine) by producing something else of its own sort.The use of nourishment allows the being to preserve itself, only existing while it is nourished. Nourishment allows an organism to grow as well as decay, according to its form. Since all living things possess the nutritive soul, all living things have the capacity for self-nourishment, growth, decay, and for reproduction. Further, since all nourishment involves digestion, and digestion involves kindle, all beings contain heat (Aristotle, De Anima 415-416). The sensitive, or perceptive soul, distinguishes plants from animals.Perception is a type of alteration, in that a suitable sense-organ in perception is affected or changed by an away disapprove. The outdoor(a) object acts as the agent, possessing the qualities in actuality that the sense-organ possesses potentially. Aristotle describes that it is through an ordinary condition, such as air, that sense organs receive the fo rms or qualities of the objects of perception, not the matter, when involuntarily acted upon by the external object. Thus, the sensitive soul has the capacity to receive sensible forms, resulting in perception.The sense-organs become like the agent later being affected, or receiving the qualities (Shields). Again, we can see Aristotle returning to his theory of Hylomorphism in describing perception as the change in the sense-organ as a result of the acquisition of form. The potential of the sense-organ is made actual in virtue of the external object which possesses the form in actuality. Aristotle states that every animal has the sense of touch, but not all possess the sense of sight, hearing, taste and smell.Animals are further distinguished along these lines while each possesses a nutritive and a sensitive soul, there are various degrees of complexity of the latter soul corresponding to the activities of the animal. Aristotle continues further that the possession of the perceptiv e soul implies that the animal has the capacity to desire, and desiring includes appetite, emotion, and wish. He also determines possession of this soul entails the ability to feel pleasure and pain and it is in virtue of this soul that some animals possess the power of locomotion (Aristotle, De Anima 413-415).The rational soul, perhaps the most difficult section to interpret of De Anima, is essential and indicative of humans unsocial. It is in virtue of the rational soul, the intellect, that we come to know and understand things. The intellect is the seat of thought and thus reason. Thinking is similar to perception, as it involves the reception of form by a suitable capacity. However, while the object of perception is external and is the composite of form and matter, the object of thought is within the soul and is form alone (Shields).While hard to follow, I believe the objects of thought are the forms of forms they get their intelligible forms in virtue of the sensible forms sen sed in perception. Aristotle discusses the concept of appearances, which are different from perceptions and beliefs, for appearances exist while we sleep, with no external stimuli actualizing the sensation, and beliefs involve conviction, while appearances do not. Appearances are images resembling objects of perception (Aristotle, De Anima 428). It is helpful to think of appearances as the internal representation of reality we see in imagination.I believe Aristotle is claiming that it is these appearances that are the objects of thought. In intellection, the mind is made to be like the object of thought through reception of its intelligible form. The intellect is pure potentiality, it potentially has all of these objects of thought, and only in thought do these intelligible forms become actualized in the mind (Shields). As Aristotles philosophical worldview rests on a Hylomorphic principle, it is difficult to see how the alteration, bringing the intellect from potentiality to actua lity in thought, comes about.In perception, this is in virtue of an external object that acts as an agent for change in the sense-organ. But what is the agent of change in intellection? Aristotle divides the intellect into the active and passive intellects. The active intellect acts as the agent of change when the mind thinks the active intellect actualizes the intelligible forms in the passive intellect. The passive intellect stores the concepts of knowledge and intelligible forms in potentiality, to be recalled by the active intellect during thought.This means however, that the actual must precede the potential, contrary to what was discussed above. The nature of the active intellect is its activity, so it must be unremittingly active in order to cause the passive intellect to act and us to have thoughts and reason. If it is continuously active, this part of the rational soul must be eternal and thus stands in stark contrast with the rest of the souls Aristotle posits, but this p olemic point is something I will not take up in this paper (Shields).

Business arena Essay Example for Free

Business arena Essay recent years prevail demonstrated that a lack of unity exists within the business arena compared to the inter fiddleional methods in which trade unions execute their policies. This must be considered another of the drawbacks of the existence of fire groups. This has resulted in costly political campaigning for Australian businesses (Bell, 0000). The number of organisations that attempt to represent their delights at the political level has bring to pass such a complex and tangled web that it is often unprofitable for to do business in such a scene (Matthews). Such action often bring great expense and stock-still offer little real guarantee of success (Coutskorais, 0000, p. 80). Such organisations in Australia as the Minerals Council of Australia (which represents the particular effort) and surfboarders Paradise Chamber of Commerce (which represents regional membership) exist for the profitable purpose of (among other things) promoting rival among bu sinesses and the consequent improvement of policies (Matthews, 0000, 75) Despite the clear benefits that sake groups can provide, some drawbacks do exist when angiotensin converting enzyme considers their impact on the politics of a country.It is usually inevitable to be careful that certain interest groups do not become too powerful and end up coercing government to adversely mend policy changes (Apollonio Bero, 2007). The two Australian interest groups previously mentioned are cases in point, as they represent in truth powerful organizations that have at least a large potential to urge the implementation of either of the policies they devise. Care must be taken that the policies they advocate really do consider the interest of the public. one major reason why such care must be taken is the fact that these interest groups are never guaranteed to possess equity in their actions. Because they take a particular stand on an issue, their interest is likely to exclude the interest o f several others who have opposing views. Furthermore, interest groups have the widely distributed privilege of making donations to political parties. This is a lobbying technique that has been around for decades, but may give a political edge to such groups that have the greatest means of funding such campaigns (2007).Some interest groups have outsider status, and this means that they attempt to influence policy by altering public touch sensation (Evans, year. p. 84). Such groups may prove both beneficial and detrimental to the politics of a country. The detriment comes where such groups falsify or misrepresent information to the public in order to convince them (and their political candidates) to act in the behalf of the group. One group which has historically been seen in this light is the tobacco industry-front group. According to researchers Appollonio Bero, The tobacco industry has a history of misrepresenting scientific evidence (2007, p.419).The researchers go on to point out that the industry has created what seems to be an unaffiliated interest group which presents its antiregulation agenda as an expression of popular will, and allowed industry lobbyists access to policymakers who were other unwilling to work with them (2007, p. 419). This presents a very unfavourable view of political interest groups. However, positive cause of this attempt to influence the public may occur in the form of debates between/among opposing groups, through and through which the public becomes more informed about the policies being advocated by each.Furthermore, since each group represents a favorable movement made up of people who share values and see eye to eye on certain matters of concern, these groups provide a forum or network of communication that has the potential to provide a series of checks and balances amongst themselves and within the government (Marsh, 2000). Overall, the action groups that exist within Australia to lobby for the interests of the peopl e have a predominantly positive impact on the Australian society.Such organizations as the Boys Club, spanking rights, and animal liberation groups offer protection and a voice for these minorities in the decision-making sectors of the government. Such groups also talk for such issues as gun control, military disarmament, and the protection of the environment. These interest groups possess the expertise and the experience to deal persuasively in the behalf of their interests, and also have the ability to aid in the execution of policies once they have been adopted by the political bodies.The media has the positive effect of promoting the accountability of the government, and of other businesses that my have formed ties with members of the government. However, the passing structured and powerful nature of certain interest groups, while they have the power to get things through within the government, also have the power to wrongly influence the government on their behalf. It is th erefore necessary to take care in the freedom with which such groups are allowed to act. References van Acker, E. Curran, G. (eds. ) 2004, Governing Business and Globalisation, (2nd edn. ) Pearson, Frenchs Forest. Ang, J C. Boyer.2007, Finance and politics the wealth effects of special interest group influence during the nationalization and privatisation of Conrail. Cambridge journal of Economics. vol. 31, no. 2, pp 193-216. Apollonio, D. E. L. A. Bero. 2007, Finance and politics the wealth effects of special interest group influence during the nationalisation and privatisation of Conrail. American Journal of Public Health. vol. 97, no 3, pp 419-428. BCA. (2007). Our Structure. Business Council of Australia. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved on May 8, 2007 from http//www. bca. com. au/Content. aspx? ContentID=100827 Hague, R. M. Harrop, S. Breslin.1994, Political acquirement A Comparative Introduction. St. Martin Press, New York. Gray, V. D. Lowery. 2000, Population Ecology of Inte rest Representation Lobbying Communities in the American States. University of statute mile Press, Ann Arbor. Greenemeier, L J. N. Hoover. 2007, Advocacy, Inc. InformationWeek. no. 1121, pp 38-46. Hollander, R. Name of Chapter or Essay. (2006). Eccleston, R, Williams, P. Hollander, R. (Eds. ). Foundations of Australian Politics. Pearson Education, Sydney. Marsh, I. 2000, Gaps in Policy-making capacities interest groups, social movements, gestate tanks and the media. in M. Keating, J.Wanna P. Weller (eds. ) Institutions on the Edge Capacity for Governance. Allen Unwin, St Leonards. Parkin, A, Summers, J. Woodward, D. (eds. ) 2006, Government, Politics, Power and Policy in Australia, (8th ed. ) Pearson, Frenchs Forest. Chapter 17. Singleton, G et al. 2006, Interest Groups in Australian Political Institutions. 8th edn. Pearson, Frenchs Forest.. Ward, I. R. G. Stewart. 2006, Ch. 12, Pressure Groups and Social Movements in Politics One, 3rd edn. , Palgrave. Macmillan, South Y arra. Weitzel, P. 2004, Joining with non-media organization can help win access battle. The Quill. vol. 92, no 7, pp 20-21.

American Indians Essay Example for Free

the Statesn Indians EssayThe race now known as Indians or Native Americans were the front people to live in the Americas. They had been living there for thousands of years before any Europeans arrived. The Vikings explored the east rim of North America around A. D. 1000 and had more or less contact with Indians (Watson Howell 1980). But lasting contact among Indians and Europeans began with Christopher Columbuss voyages to the Americas. In 1492, Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. He was seeking a short sea route to the Indies, which then include India, China, the East Indies, and Japan. Europeans did not then know that North and confederation America existed. When Columbus landed in what is now known as the West Indies, he did not pull ahead he had come to a New World. He thought he had r to each oneed the Indies, and so he called the people he met Indians. Al nigh every Indian group had its own name. legion(predicate) of these names reflected the pri de of each group in itself and its way of life. For example, the Delaware Indians of eastern North America called themselves Lenape, which means genuine people. Today, bity Indians cite to themselves as Native Americans.The first Indians came to the New World from Siberia, in Asia. approximately scientists think they arrived at least 15,000 years ago. At that time huge ice sheets get the pictureed much of the northern half of the earth. The Bering Strait, which like a shot is a narrow area of water that separates Asia and North America, was easily walked across by the Indians who were following the wildcats that they were hunting. practically later this ice sheet melted and the land bridge became covered with water. By then, Indian groups had already spread throughout the New World, all over North and southwestward America.These Indian groups developed variant cultures because of the different climates and landforms in the regions in which they settled. Body Anthropologists , scientists who study human culture, classify the hundreds of North and South American Indian tribes into groups of tribes that are alike. These groups are called culture areas. whatever of the cultures of North America are the Arctic the Northeast, or Eastern Woodlands the Plains and southwestward. The Indians spoke hundreds of different languages and had many different ways of life. Some groups lived in enceinte cities and others in small villages.The Aztec and the Maya of Central America reinforced large cities. Some of the Aztec cities had as many as 100,000 people. The Maya create specific buildings in which they studied the moon, the stars, and the sun. They also developed a calendar and a system of writing. Many of the Indians of Eastern North America lived in villages. They hunted and farmed, growing such crops as beans, corns and squash (Bains, 1985). Most of the Indians were friendly at first and taught the newcomers many things. The European explorers followed Ind ian trails to sources of water and deposits of copper, gold, silver, turquoise, and other minerals.The Indians taught them to make snowshoes and sleds and to perish by canoe. Food was another of the Indians important gifts. The Indians grew many foods that the newcomers had never heard of, such as avocados, corn, peanuts, peppers, pineapples, potatoes, squash, and tomatoes. They also introduced the whites to tobacco. The Indians, in turn, learned much from the whites. The Europeans brought many goods that were new to the Indians. These goods included metal tools, guns, and liquor. The Europeans also brought cattle and horses, which were noncitizen to the Indians.The Europeans and the Indians had widely different ways of life. Some Europeans tried to understand the Indians ways and treated them fairly. But others cheated the Indians and took their land. When the Indians fought back, thousands of them were killed in battle. At first, they had only bows and arrows and spears, but the Europeans had guns. regular(a) more(prenominal) Indians died from measles, smallpox, and other new diseases introduced by the whites. As the Europeans move westward across North America, they became a greater threat to the Indian way of life. Finally, most of the be Indians were moved onto reservations.Most daily activities of an Indian family centered on providing the main necessities of life such as food, garb, and shelter. Men and women usually had separate tasks. For example, both men and women were often involved in providing food. But they did so in different ways. In some areas, the women gathered wild plants for food, and the men hunted. In the Northeast and southeastward culture areas, the men hunted, and the women farmed the land. In voxs of what are now Arizona and New Mexico and in gist and South America, the men did the farming. The women gathered plants.In all areas, women were generally responsible for preparing the food. Many Indians married at an early age, the girls between 13 and 15 and the boys between 15 and 20. In some Indian tribes, the parents or other relatives chose the marriage partners for the young people. In other tribes, especially those of North America, a young man could select his own mate. He had to convince the girl and her parents that he would make a suitable hus raft. In many cases, he offered them valuable gifts to win their approval. Throughout most of the New World, marriage was a family subroutine and not a religious ceremony.The boys family usually gave presents to the brides family. Many newly married takeoverles lived with the girls family and the husband worked for her family until the birth of a child. Then the couple might establish their own home. But they generally did not move to a new home in a new area. Many other newly married couples linked an existing family group or lived close to one. Some of the couples moved in with other relatives of the woman or with the relatives of the man. This exten ded family shared with the daily work of the household, including the raising of children.Many Indian groups allowed men to have more than one wife. But this practice was common only among rich or powerful men. After a man died, his wife would often live with his fellow as husband and wife even if the brother was already married. Similarly, if a woman died, her family would probably be expected to give her husband another divorced daughter to replace her. Most Indian families were small because many children died at birth or as babies. Indian children were praised when they behaved well and shamed when they misbehaved. Only the Aztec and Inca tribes had regular schools.Boys and girls of other tribes learned to perform mens and womens jobs by back up their parents and older brothers and sisters. After most boys reached their early teens, they went through a test of strength or braveness called an initiation ceremony. Many went without food for a long period or lived alone in the wilderness. In some tribes, a boy was expected to have a vision of the spirit that would become his lifelong guardian. Some groups also had initiation ceremonies for girls. A teenager who successfully completed an initiation ceremony was considered an big and ready to be married. Food that Indians ate depended on where they lived.Indian tribes that lived on the plains of the United States, where buffalo and other game were plentiful, ate mainly meat. Meat was also the principal food of those Indians who inhabited the woodlands and tundra (frigid treeless plain) of Alaska and Canada. The Pueblo of the Southwest and other farming groups lived chiefly on beans, corn, and squash. Potatoes were an important crop among the Inca. MacNeish (1992) stated that Indians in the tropical areas of South America made bread from the roots of bitter cassava, a small shrub. Tribes that lived near water caught tilt and gathered shellfish.Most Indian groups ate berries, nuts, roots, seeds, and wild pl ants. They also gathered salt and collected maple outwear wherever they could. Indians made a kind of tea from such plants as sassafras and wintergreen. Many Indians drank a mild beer that was known as chicha. They made this beer from corn, cassava, peanuts, or potatoes. Indians who ate mostly meat cooked it by roasting, broiling, or boiling. Farming Indians and others who ate chiefly vegetables developed various methods of boiling or baking. They often made stone ovens by lining holes in the ground with hot stones. Indians preserved meat by smoking it or by drying it in the sun.North American Indians mixed dried meat with grease and berries to make a food called pemmican. Most Indians ate with their fingers, but some utilize spoons made from animal bones, shells, or wood. Indians reinforced many kinds of homes because they lived in different climates and had different building materials available to them (Brandt Guzzi, 1985). Those who moved about a great deal had simple shelte rs they could carry easily, or they built temporary shelters. Indians who stayed in one place built larger, more permanent homes. Some groups built large houses where many families lived together.Others had simple dwellings that ho employ only a a few(prenominal) people. In some cases, shelter changed with the season. Some Indians in Canada built snow houses during the winter. But in the summer, they lived in tents made of animal hides. In the United States, these Indians are sometimes called Eskimos. In other areas, the Indians covered their tepees with animal skins or with tree bark. Indians at the southern tip of South America also use skins to cover shelters called windbreaks, which were open on one side. Some tribes of the Northwest made cloth of bark and reeds, and the Pueblo wove cotton cloth.The Aztec, Inca, Maya, and some Caribbean tribes wove beautiful cotton and woolen cloth. Indians in the hot South American areas often wore no clothing at all. In many tribes, a man wor e only a breechcloth, a narrow band of cloth that passed between the legs and looped over the front and rear of a belt. Women wore simple aprons or skirts. Indians in colder climates wore leggings, shirts, and robes. Some wore sandals or moccasins to protect their feet. Travel by water was the most common means of transportation. Many Indians used bark canoes, which were light and easy to carry.Some large dugout canoes carried as many as 60 people. The Plains tribes used dogs and, later, horses to pull a load-carrying frame called a travois. Andean Indians used alpacas and llamas as beasts of burden. But these animals could not carry fleshy loads, so the people themselves carried most of their goods. People often supported a heavy load on their back with a pack strap called a tumpline. Indians of the Arctic and the Northwest seashore and some other areas hunted or fished for most of their food. They also hunted some birds only for the feathers, and they prized the hide of beavers and received other animals.Indians in the West got most of their food by gathering wild seeds, nuts, and roots. Even in the Southwest and other farming areas, hunting, gathering, and fishing were important. The most important game animals of North and South America included deer rabbits and other small game ducks, geese, herons, seals, sea lions, whales, turtles, and snakes. Bear, buffalo, caribou, elk, and moose lived only in North America. Animals that were hunted mainly in South America included the guanaco, jaguar, peccary, rhea, and tapir. Indians hunted with the same kinds of weapons they used in war.Many bows and arrows, spears, and clubs had special features for hunting. For example, some Indians used unsharpened arrows to shoot birds in trees. These arrows stunned the birds so that they fell to the ground. The Hopi stunned small game with a kind of boomerang. The Indians caught fish with harpoons, hooks and lines, spears, and traps and nets. Tribes of the Northwest shore also used long poles called herring rakes. These poles had jagged points and could catch a number of herring at one time. In tropical South America, Indians stood on river sand bars and shot fish with bows and arrows. twain North and South American Indians used drugs to catch fish. In one method, Indians chopped up certain plants and threw them in the water. These plants stunned the fish. Then the Indians could easily scoop them out of the water. Indians of the Northeast and the Tropical Forest used slash-and-burn farming methods. They cut down a number of trees and burned them. Then they planted their crops among the trunks. The ashes from the burned trees served as fertilizer. Indians in Mexico and the Southern United States raised turkeys. Wars occurred from time to time among the tribes of the Americas. But not all tribes took part in warfare.Many tribes opposed fighting, and others were so small that they did not have enough warriors to fight a war. Many of the Indian leaders who tried to defend their tribes and land against the white people became famous warriors. They included King Philip, a Wampanoag Pontiac, an Ottawa Tecumseh, a Shawnee Osceola, a Seminole Crazy Horse, of the Sioux and Geronimo, an Apache. The bow and arrow was probably the most common Indian weapon throughout North and South America. Some South American tribes range poison on their arrowheads. Many Indians fought with spears and war clubs (Steele Galdone 1992).The Indians of eastern North America developed a special type of club known as the tomahawk. A weapon of the Aztec consisted of pieces of obsidian (volcanic glass) stuck into a wooden club. South American Indians used blowguns and slings. Warfare gave Indians a chance to achieve high rank in their tribes. On the Plains, it was considered braver to repair a live enemy and get away than to kill the enemy. This act was known as numbering coup koo. Warriors on the Plains carried a coup stick into battle and attempted to touch an enemy with it. Those warriors who counted coup wore eagle feathers as signs of their courage.