Eats, Shoots and Leaves

In Eats, Shoots & Leaves, Lynne Truss is a highly determined stickler or, perfectionist, when it comes to punctuation. In the novel, she argues that every sidereal day punctuation marks, such as the apostrophe, are being use and humiliated in front of thousands of people. They helplessly droop in between the wrong letters on hundreds of grocer signs, articles, and even in newspapers. Lynne Truss makes a make believe point as she works her way through despair, anger, humor, and confidence just wishing that people can join together to stop the mistreatment of punctuation in Eats, Shoots & Leaves.In my opinion, people like Lynne Truss have such a beef with poor punctuation, grammatical slip-ups, and faulty usage because they are meant to see the piece and its issues on behalf of other citizens who are unaware of their surroundings. These perfectionists infatuation is seeing grammar used in its proper form and look forward in perceiving a day where everybody will be mentioned with a misspelled stop sign.I believe that our world is full of these totally unconscious errors because many people are unbelievably stingy and set on doing only what they suppose will help them prosper or obtain wellbeing. This is not correct, for every human being on this planet should not only care about their status, but should also be concerned with the faults that exist somewhere near them.The role that writing plays in my life is exceptionally huge since it is happening all the time and roughly everyday. English is something that is used in all school subjects, professions, and businesses so proper linguistic process grammatically is vital to all individuals. Not only do we use it constantly, but is appears as well on the television, the internet, etc. therefore appropriate recite and grammar is significantly important.Even though I give the impression of being a stickler, I, in fact, am a slacker. The use of the suitable English speech is awfully essential for a young high sch ool child like me, but it has never really been a strong quality that I contain. When I reach a statement that I cannot recognize, it seems like too much of an effort for me to find a dictionary and research only cardinal word, just like millions of other people out there. Maintaining proper English is crucial thus I try to write with as much concern about punctuation and grammar as possible and hope only to improve on this in the future.

Sonny’s Blues

fellers Blues by James Baldwin Internal and extraneous conflicts rookie is a young son from Harlem struggling with his addiction to heroin and is eventu eithery sent to jail for it. The Narrator, fellers older buddy is a high coach Algebra teacher who loses familiarity with laddie and does not realize where Sonny is till he reads in the newspaper about Sonny cosmos imprisoned. During Sonnys journey to derive back on his feet once he incurs natural and orthogonal conflicts on the way.The series of events leading to Sonny acquiring back into the real world is truly a struggle for him. He tries to find out who he really is and what he should be doing with his life, however along the way its not as easy as he would like. With external forces trying to tell him what he should do, such as His brother, his Mother, and his sister in laws Mother. His older brother allows him to stay with him until he graduates from college even though thats not where Sonnys passion is at. Sonny shortly discovers his revere for music, hunch forward music, and practices every daylight his piano.This stirs conflict in the house hold because they soon grow tired of Sonnys constant practicing. moreover there are also knowledgeable forces effecting the decisions that Sonny makes along the way as well, such as Fighting his drug abuse, finding himself in what he wants to do , and his love for playing Jazz music on the piano. When the narrator finds out that Sonny wants to become a Jazz pianist he is against it and quite a Sonny go to school, because the narrator doesnt think Sonny can make it in the music industry or that there is no prox playing Jazz Music.The Narrator and Sonnys Mother is also and external force because she influenced Sonnys living situation. Before the Mothers passing she had a conversation with the narrator telling him to inhabit out, and chair care of Sonny. Flashing back to when their Father was alive, he too had a Brother and was killed by a car fu ll of white men that never even bothered to stop. After that event it had their Father all shaken up. And lastly another external force depicted in the taradiddle is Sonnys sister in laws Mother.When he was supposed to be expiry to school he would skip much of the metre. Sonny got sent multiple truancy letters and would in force(p) hide them. It was then that Sonnys sister in laws Mother plunge one and confronted Sonny about it he told her that he had been going to GreenwichVillage hanging out with musicians. It was then that Sonny saw what a burden he had been on the family and decided to join the Navy. Some of the internal conflicts depicted in the story also had a majuscule deal on the decisions Sonny do as well.One of the main ones would be his drug abuse and addiction to Heroin, which is what landed him in jail in the scratch place and made his life take the course that it did. Him wanting(p) to find himself also had a great influence on the decisions that he made alo ng the way, such as Getting confounded in his addiction, going to College, hanging out at Greenwich Village to hang out with musicians, and going to the Navy. Lastly, a last internal conflict with Sonny is his love for playing Jazz music on the piano.This is what drives him the most and realizes its what makes him tick and motivated. Practicing countless hours at a time and joining a band at the Village shows how dedicated he was to his dream. Sonny didnt allow others to make the decision on what he was going to do in the end and just followed his heart because it was what he loved. At Greenwich Village Sonny was a respected musician and many knew him, ultimately it is where he belonged all along.Its all of the internal and external conflicts depicted in the story that kept Sonny going. Whether it be the Narrator, Sonnys Mother, the Sister in laws Mother, his addiction to Heroin, him wanting to find himself, or his love for playing Jazz music on the Piano. I believe that if it wer ent for all these different forces being presented in Sonnys life, he wouldnt have turned into the successful musician that he turned out to be in the end.Sonnys BluesSonnys Blues by James Baldwin Internal and External conflicts Sonny is a young boy from Harlem struggling with his addiction to heroin and is eventually sent to jail for it. The Narrator, Sonnys older brother is a high school Algebra teacher who loses connection with Sonny and does not realize where Sonny is till he reads in the newspaper about Sonny being imprisoned. During Sonnys journey to get back on his feet once he incurs internal and external conflicts along the way.The series of events leading to Sonny getting back into the real world is really a struggle for him. He tries to find out who he really is and what he should be doing with his life, however along the way its not as easy as he would like. With external forces trying to tell him what he should do, such as His brother, his Mother, and his sister in laws Mother. His older brother allows him to stay with him until he graduates from college even though thats not where Sonnys passion is at. Sonny soon discovers his love for music, Jazz music, and practices every day his piano.This stirs conflict in the house hold because they soon grow tired of Sonnys constant practicing. However there are also internal forces effecting the decisions that Sonny makes along the way as well, such as Fighting his drug abuse, finding himself in what he wants to do , and his love for playing Jazz music on the piano. When the narrator finds out that Sonny wants to become a Jazz pianist he is against it and rather Sonny go to school, because the narrator doesnt think Sonny can make it in the music industry or that there is no future playing Jazz Music.The Narrator and Sonnys Mother is also and external force because she influenced Sonnys living situation. Before the Mothers passing she had a conversation with the narrator telling him to watch out, and take c are of Sonny. Flashing back to when their Father was alive, he too had a Brother and was killed by a car full of white men that never even bothered to stop. After that event it had their Father all shaken up. And lastly another external force depicted in the story is Sonnys sister in laws Mother.When he was supposed to be going to school he would skip much of the time. Sonny got sent multiple truancy letters and would just hide them. It was then that Sonnys sister in laws Mother found one and confronted Sonny about it he told her that he had been going to GreenwichVillage hanging out with musicians. It was then that Sonny saw what a burden he had been on the family and decided to join the Navy. Some of the internal conflicts depicted in the story also had a great deal on the decisions Sonny made as well.One of the main ones would be his drug abuse and addiction to Heroin, which is what landed him in jail in the first place and made his life take the course that it did. Him wanting t o find himself also had a great influence on the decisions that he made along the way, such as Getting lost in his addiction, going to College, hanging out at Greenwich Village to hang out with musicians, and going to the Navy. Lastly, a final internal conflict with Sonny is his love for playing Jazz music on the piano.This is what drives him the most and realizes its what makes him tick and motivated. Practicing countless hours at a time and joining a band at the Village shows how dedicated he was to his dream. Sonny didnt allow others to make the decision on what he was going to do in the end and just followed his heart because it was what he loved. At Greenwich Village Sonny was a respected musician and many knew him, ultimately it is where he belonged all along.Its all of the internal and external conflicts depicted in the story that kept Sonny going. Whether it be the Narrator, Sonnys Mother, the Sister in laws Mother, his addiction to Heroin, him wanting to find himself, or hi s love for playing Jazz music on the Piano. I believe that if it werent for all these different forces being presented in Sonnys life, he wouldnt have turned into the successful musician that he turned out to be in the end.

Nursing Research Critique Assignment Essay

I will be critiquing two different articles. Both studies are nursing studies that evaluate outcomes. I will be sideline specific key points for a quantitative perspective and a qualitative perspective. There is a guideline that I will be following for from each one article that includes identifying and examining the info collection and data analysis methodologies used in each take apart. The names of the articles are The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy and The Effects of cross Leg Blood Pressure Measurement.The references will also be reviewed to determine validity and relationship to the new study. Data Collection Quantitative direct The usable and conceptual definition is congruent. The key variables were operationalized using the best possible method and with adequate justification. Specific instruments were adequately described and were good choices, given the study purpose, the variables being studied, and the study macrocosm. The instrument used spe cifically was a blood pressure manage. The blood pressure cuff size, dimensions, and inflation pressure were described.The blood pressure monitor was adequately pretested and calibrated before the study began by a biomedical technician (Foster-Fitzpatrick, Ortiz, Sibilano, Marcantonio, & Braun, 1999). It can be determined that the data collection methods provided data that was subdivisionitimate and valid. The incumbrance executed was having unhurrieds cross their legs and measuring their blood pressure. The intervention was adequately described and implemented. The implementation of the intervention was faithful to its plan (Polit & Beck, 2012).The data was collect by happy nurse researchers (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). The same blood pressure monitor was operated during the data collection to minimize biases (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). Qualitative Study The methods for gathering data were appropriate and the data was gathered using interviews over a span of 2 days (Palese, Skrap, Fachin, Visioli, & Zannini, 2008). It could be determined that triangulation was achieved since the interviews were performed on numerous occasions and during assorted circumstances.The researchers did ask the right questions and run into the right observations, which were also recorded in an appropriate fashion. It can be concluded that sufficient data was gathered, given the specifics required to be a factor out in this study. The data collected was adequately rich in depth and detail. The data was gathered using interviews with open-ended questions. The interviews were audio-recorded. The data compilation tools were valid and reliable for this study. Data collection was adequately described and appeared appropriate for this example of study.Bias was kept to a minimum. The researchers were to determine and recognize ideas that may have prompted or make personal biases, they also had to recognize any personal experiences or beliefs that might have influenc ed what they were going to hear and report (Palese et al. , 2008). Data Analysis Quantitative Study Analyses were appropriated to answer the research question and to test the hypothesis. The researchers performed unlike blood pressure measurements on a smack of hypertensive males to determine if the crossing of a leg has an effect on blood pressure measurements.Appropriate statistical methods were used given the direct of measurement and assumptions of the test. However, there was only one specific mathematical sort that was the variable, 100 hypertensive males whose ages ranged from 31 to 81. Hypothesis testing allows researchers to make objective decisions whether study results likely reflect chance sample differences or true population differences (Polit & Beck, 2012). In this study there was no control group. Then, how can we determine that crossing your leg would increase blood pressure. It is challenging to support whether a type I and type II errors were actually minimiz ed or avoided.The intervention studies did non perform an intention-to-treat analysis. All of the participants were treated and there was no omitted information. The participants also did not abandon the study. The problems of missing values were evaluated and adequately addressed. The limitation of the study includes gender and sample size. The researchers discussed the weaknesses with solutions for future studies. The researchers recommend replicating this study using a larger sample size that includes females. They consider that these changes would increase the significance of the results.The findings are discussed and interpreted. Information somewhat statistical significance and confidence interval is mystifyed and reviewed. There was good use of tables and figures that include titles and headings that were clearly and appropriately labeled. The results were also clearly displayed in tables with identifiable titles and labeled headings. The study included descriptive statist ics. The study described the main characteristics in the dataset. The think of and standard deviation for each blood pressure measurement was calculated before and after crossing of the legs was performed by the study subjects.Inferential statistics were also present in this study. In order to test mean differences with three or more groups, an analysis of chance variable (ANOVA) statistical test is used. This research study conducted a repeated-measure ANOVA, which is when there are three or more measures of the same dependent variable for each participant (Polit & Beck, 2012). Measuring blood pressure at various intervals and under numerous conditions for the same subject is one incident where this type of testing can be used. . The model for this design was repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).The level of significance in this study was stated at 0. 05 for all three effects in the model, (before crossing the legs, during legs crossed, and after having crossed the leg s). This significance level indicates that researchers accept a risk that out of 100 samples drawn from a population, a true null hypothesis would be rejected 5 measure (Polit & Beck, 2012). Given the level of measurement and the nature of the hypothesis, the results were adequate. However, I believe that further research is required to have a stronger correlation.A wider sampling population should be used in future research to have more accurate conclusions. Qualitative Study The data management and data analysis methods were sufficiently described. The data analysis strategy was compatible with the research tradition. It was also compatible with the nature and type of data gathered. The findings are effectively summarized. There was good use of citations from the patient interviews. The researchers were able to abstract concepts that were found in the data collected from the interviews.Although each patient had a unique experience, the researchers were able to categorize concepts from the data that was analyzed. Researchers were able to group these concepts into pre-operative concerns, intra-operative concerns, and post-operative concerns. Since there was limited research conducted on intra-operative experiences there were limits with the ability of being able to link it to previously performed studies. However, the study did recognize the limits it had. Since this is a qualitative study, generally these studies cannot be generalized to the population.Qualitative researchers are not concerned with the general population, but rather with subjects experiences (Polit & Beck, 2012). The researchers did acknowledge the importance of the healthcare team members to think about patients experiences in order to better understand how to prioritize the needs of the patient (Palese et al. , 2008). I believe that biases were kept to a minimal considering the implementations that the researchers were open(a) to at the beginning of the study and before they were exposed to the interviews or observations.The composition and exploration of the data produced genuine and significant descriptions of the experiences that the patients whom were subjects had. Summary After reviewing both articles and critiquing each one, I believe to have a better understanding about the difference between a quantitative research study and a qualitative research study. Data collection should be systematic and meticulous. Both studies gathered their data systematically and meticulously. In view of the statistical analysis, levels of measurement should be defined as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio level data.Sources of data can be documentary sources as primary and secondary sources, field sources as subjects in person, conditions, environment and events that are observable and measurable, and historical data. Both of the studies also had these types of sources. The methods of collecting data include surveys questioning using interview schedule and questionnaires, obse rvation techniques with the wait on of structured or unstructured instruments, and measuring with standardized instruments. Both of the studies also used some of these methods for collecting data.The purpose of analyzing data in a study is to describe the data in meaningful terms. For example, the study in reference to blood pressure changes utilized tables for interpretation. Statistics help to answer important research questions and it is the answers to such questions that further our understandings. It is required the researcher to have an understanding of what tools are suitable for a particular research study. Depending on the kinds of variables identified (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and the design of particular study, anatomy of statistical techniques is available to analyze data. The data collection and data analysis methodologies used varied and followed the particular need of each research study. The researchers followed the research wreak guidelines and met hodologies. Although, both studies had some weaknesses, they were both performed adequately, using appropriate techniques and instruments. They were also both performed with integrity, discussing their limitations and weaknesses.

Philosophy with Logic

school of thought with Logic What is philosophy? philosophy has earthly concerny questions- Asking the right questions From Hellenic word PHILO (Love) & SOPHIA (Wisdom) which means lover of wisdom * PHYTAGORAS, a Greek Philosopher, was the first to use the term ism. * He noted that there are three types of man a. lover of pleasure b. lover of success c. lover of wisdom * the last, according to him, is the SUPERIOR TYPE. * Wisdom here deals with the principles of things, the first cause of in all beings.It deals with an understanding on the nub of one and only(a)s existence and the importance of things around her/ him (Socio, 2007) The chief goal of wisdom is a fundawork forcetal understanding of reality as it relates to musical accompaniment a good life. * We might say then, that wisdom is good judgement about complex situations. Consequently, wisdom involves reflection, insight, a capacity to learn from experience and nearly plausible conception of the human condition (Bu enaflor, 2009). philosophical system is a search for meaning and therefore intended only for the rational beings.He who has the why of things can redeem almost any how- Victor Frankyl Philosophy uses reason to attain its object. Whatever is ones state in life, whenever she is and whatever she does she will always be left philosophizing. Therefore philosophy is always present. Philosophy- The science of all things by their first causes as known by the light of reason Philosophy cover all aspects of human knowledge. The early philosophers believed that philosophy is the foundation of all learning in the possibility of a total world picture and in the iodine of all truths- whether scientific, ethical, religious or aesthetic.Philosophy as subject sought to provide if not all the answers the, the answers to at least the most ultimate and fundamental questions. why force field Philosophy? The study of Philosophy is very important because it offers students a chance to explore the fund amental questions about human existence and to see on the nose what thinkers in different periods have had about the essence of human being. Philosophy can help clarify our thoughts. The clearer a person thinks the to a greater extent she/he expresses himself/herself and more accurate way of examining and making decisions about life.It is philosophy that digs into the root causes of mans problems and discovers the true solutions and remedies to human ills. Plato- The Philosopher King Why study Philosophy? Philosophy is one of the best ways of enriching your life, even as it prepares you for life. Philosophys critical skills offer the best defense against foolishness and falsehoods. Philosophy is one of the most practical(a) subjects in college. Logic helps the students in the following areas * Interpretation Analysis * Abstract Reasoning * Research Synthesis * Communications Branches of Philosophy Logic- the science of correct ratiocination * Epistemology- it deals with the ori gin and validity of human knowledge * Metaphysics- it deals with the study of beings and the origin of things. * Theodicy- the study of God in the light of natural reason. (Philosophy of Religion) * Cosmology- the study of the universe from a philosophical viewpoint * Philosophical or Rational Psychology- the study of man not only as a thinking or sensing being besides as compose of body and soul * Ethics- a philosophical study that deals with how life should be lived and the means of attaining a meaningful existence. *Aesthetics or Philosophy of Arts- deals with the philosophical study of arts and beauty. It answers the question like What is beauty? Philosophy can also be divided into the following branches called Philosophies of Discipline * Philosophy of Persons- it deals with the study about the dignity of man, truth, freedom, justice, love, death and his relationship with others and with God. * Social Philosophy- it deals with the philosophical study of a society and its insti tutions. It is concerned in determining the features of the best society as it deals with the study of relationships of the human person. Philosophy of Science- This deals with the justification and objectivity of scientific knowledge. * Philosophy of mathematics- The aim of philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and its importance. * Philosophy of Law- This branch of philosophy deals with the whys of the law. It also aims to guide peoples actions in political community and thereby protect underlying interests or rights. * Philosophy of Education- This branch of philosophy provides a philosophical understanding of the issues in education.It deals with the different methods of education and its effects in the learning of the human person. * Philosophy of Psychology- it deals with everyday reflections on ones thoughts and deeds and on the behavior of others * Philosophy of Religion- Study of God from a philosophical viewpoint * Philosophy of History- This branch of Philosophy is an set out to answer substantive questions dealing with such matters as the significance or possible purpose of the historical processes and the factors fundamentally responsible for historical development and change. Philosophy of Love- this branch deals with the meaning and value of love in the human person. * Philosophy of Culture- This is the philosophical study of all aspects of human life. Its aim is to interpret and transmit to future generations the system of values. * Philosophy of Women- This is also called philosophy of feminism, which refers to the study of the legal and political rights of women, as well as the relationship between the sexes in terms of inequality, subordination, or oppression. What is the basic requirement of becoming a Philosopher? The faculty of wonder philosophy asks the question WHY? Where did Philosophy originates? West- Greece East- China and India Factors that contribute to the developmen t of Philosophy in Greece * Geography * Invention of Games * Invention of coins * Myths Logic Etymo lawfully, Logic is deduced from the Greek word Logike denoting a treatise on matters pertaining to thought. The term was coined by Zeno the Stoic. St. Thomas Aquinas defines Logic as the art that directs the reasoning process so that man may attain knowledge of truth in an orderly way, with ease and without error.As art, Logic is the tool of all sciences. The Scholastics considered it as the art of all other arts because it is employ in every science and in every practical endeavor. As science, Logic studies the logical properties involved in the act of knowledge such as the logic of notions or concepts, the logic of judgement, the logic of reasoning and the logic of science. As science, Logic is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing the habit of critical thinking and reasoning. History of Logic Zeno the Stoic coined the actual name Logic.He established the r ules of argumentation to clarify the nature of concepts by using the Prior and Posterior analytics of Aristotles logical works. This endeavor degenerated because of the clever rhetoric and subtle persuasion of the Sophists. Socrates refuted the error by vindicating the value concepts in knowing reality. Plato, the most distinguished student of Socrates, philosophized that truth is the like as the ultimate, ideal reality. Aristotle corrected this error. He wrote six treatises on Logic known as the Organon He stated that ideas are mental operations that exist only in the mind.He is considered as the founder of science. Porphyrius wrote the categories of Aristotle known as Isagoge Boethius translated Aristotles Organon and wrote commentaries on the Isagoge. ibn-Sina and Averroes wrote commentaries of Aristotles Organon Thomas Aquinas wrote commentaries on the logical works of Aristotle Francis Bacon wrote the Novum Organon. He introduced the Theory of Induction. John Stuart Mill devel oped Bacons Novum Organon Recently, George Boole founded the New typic Logic . Because of its limited scope of application its popularity declined. Methods of Reasoning Inductive method- where we can obtain universal knowledge by considering the particular ex. Repeated experience of perceive falling bodies towards the ground. We may induce that this is common to all bodies. * Deductive- When we proceed from universal knowledge to particular cases ex. Logic is divided according to the three acts of the mind. * Apprehension * popular opinion * Reasoning Simple Apprehension It is the basic operation of the mind or the mental processes by which we grasp the general meaning of the thing without affirming or denying anything about it. It is the basic operation of the mind that leads to a concept ex. man dog Judgment It is the act of the mind by which we compare two concepts, either they defend or not. If we put concepts together, the end result is called judgement or proposition. Ex. Man Laughs Reasoning It is the act of the mind by which we derive new truths from previously put on truth. The mind combines several judgments or propositions in order to arrive at a previously unknown judgment it is called syllogism. Ex. All men are locomote Cyrus is a man. Therefore Cyrus is walking. Mental Act External Sign Apprehension Term Judgement Proposition Reasoning SyllogismTerms The term deduced from the Latin terminus is the extramental symbolization of an idea. A term is an external expression of an idea. Ideas are mental expressions of external objects. Logical properties of terms * Comprehension of a term- It is the sum total of all the qualities / elements that map the meaning of the term A manifestation of the essence of the object. It is also known as connotation. The comprehension of animal is animate living material shopping center. * The flank of a Term- It is the sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a term can be use.It is also know n as denotation e. g. The extension of the comprehension sentient living material substance(animal) is birds, mammals, reptiles, birds, mammals etc.. The comprehension and extension of terms are inversely related. The greater the comprehension the lesser the extension and vice-versa Comprehension Extension Substance substance Spirits, minerals, plants, brutes,men Body Material substance Minerals, plants, brutes, men Organism Living material substance plants, brutes, men Animal Sentient living material substance brutes, men Man Rational sentient living material substance MenClassification of Terms I. According to Extension Extension of Terms- is defined as proportion of a term by which such a term is applied to other things. Terms have three extensions namely unequalled, Particular and Universal * Singular Term is an extension of term that stands for a single definite individual or group. It is used to specify the individual or group. It is quantified by * Demonstrative pronouns- This, That e. g. this book, that male child * The article the connotes a single idea e. g. the cup, the umbrella * Personal Pronouns- I, You, He, my, yours , he ,she Collective nouns- flock, clan, team * Particular Terms-stand for a definite part of the absolute extension. This is applied to a given part of a given group. Particular terms have the following quantifiers 1. ) Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives- Some, few, many, most, several, not all, etc. e. g. some people, most roads 2. ) Use of Numbers- seven candidates 3. ) Articles A and AN give a particular idea e. g. a saucer, an umbrella Universal terms- stands for every subject signified. This is when meaning is extended to each and every member of the group. The signs of universality are 1. Universal Expression/Quantifiers- all, every, each, whatever, whoever, which ever, without exception, everything, no, no one etc. e. g. Ex. No man is an island All students of Rogationist College will wear their render 2. ) Universal I deas- e. g. Tomorrow is a new day Dogs are not cats 3. ) Articles in the Universal idea- e. g. The book has pages A snake is a dangerous fauna II. According to Meaning * Univocal- it signifies the same concept or essence, in (at least) two occurrences of the term e. g. Gloria Arroyo became the President of the Republic of the Philippines Benigno Aquino jr. s the president of the Republic of the Philippines * enigmatical Term- The term is outwardly or apparently the same but it signifies different concepts or essences. E. g. left (left hand) left ( gone) right (right hand) right (correct) * Analogous term- it expresses partly the same and partly different in meanings ex. Head does not have the same meaning in head of the family and head of a man. III. According to Quality * positivist in form, positive in meaning e. g. life, justice, truth, * Positive in form, negative in meaning e. g. murder, massacre, famine * Negative in form, negative in meaning e. g. mmature, incompetent, dis honest * Negative in form, positive in meaning e. g. immortal, unblemished IV. According to Relation * Compatible- those that can co- exist in a subject examples refreshful and good beauty and brain rich and famous tall, dark and handsome * Incompatible- those that cannot co-exist in a subject. They exclude each other. There are four kinds of incompatible Ideas * Contradictory- those that express a positive and negative concept. Contradictories are mutually exclusive such that the affirmation of one is the denial of the other. Between them, there is no ternion (middle) possibility.Examples legal-illegal patient-impatient literate-illiterate valid-invalid * Contrary- those that express extremes belonging to the same class. Between these ideas, there is a third (middle) ground. Examples rich-poor hot-cold kind-cruel high-low beautiful-ugly * Privative- two unlike ideas, one of which expresses perfection, and the other its lack which ought to be possessed. Examples sight-blindness truth-error hearing-deafness good-evil * Correlative- two opposed ideas that bear mutual relation to one another such that one cant be understood without the other.They imply each other because one depends the other. Examples cause-effect whole-part husband wife parent-child According to Object 1. ) Real- it expresses something that has existential actuality, whether positive or negative. Examples clarity, temperance, scandal, unemployment, chair, table 2. ) Logical- it is used as a conceptual device to facilitate learning. Examples subject, predicate, classification, division, phyla, genera 3. ) Imaginary- it has no correspondence in reality but is merely a concoction of the mind.Examples Spider man, flying carpet, darna, talking tree According to Comprehension * Concrete- the term is used to express concrete concepts such as those perceivable by the senses or whose referent is tangible. Example ball, desk, table,brilliant lawyer * Abstract- The term is used to express abstract con cepts such as those understood by the mind or whose referent is intangible. The term denotes being, quality, quantity or relationship. It denotes the property of a thing regarded as an entity by itself. Examples humanity, dullness. graciousness

Toy Story

Name Karl Dent Instructor Morgen Thomas SP13 SOC 101 Date Mar 19, 2013 A Toys Story honoring When you think ab stunned wagers the first thing that comes to mind is the joy they gave when you were a kid growing up, and the smile they put on your kids construction when you see them playing with them on a daily basis. What if toys could talk? What information would they give us? What would they tell us? Recently I set out on a quest to better encounter what information I could get honourable by looking at the toys in my local nearness toy store and how they shape the mind of kids from a young eon.Unfortunately for me, the day I went to the toy store there were non many a(prenominal) people shopping, so this made my research a little harder to complete. I wandered around the store for several hours, going through many different aisles and looking at many different toys. At dates I felt like I was being watched it was so quiet I could hear whispers as if the little exertion fig ures were giving me the information I needed. By looking at toys as a way of seeing things from a sociological stand point, I thunder mug actualise why the manufacturers of toys make certain types and what goals they atomic number 18 trying to accomplish.By studying different toys, I started to use them as tools to see the world in a new way and to see how they shape society from both nature and nurture. My views of toys were like sociological imagination I started to see how contextual our lives atomic number 18. I thus realized our individual identities were only sensible in a social context. But how can you look at toys and figure out how humans persuade in our society? The only possible answer I found to my question was sociology. Toys help to form adept important aspect of our lives which we come to understand as gender identity.By having toys specific to boys and girls it helps us to understand what it means to be masculine or fe phallic. Understanding gender identity is said to be one of the most important ways we develop who we are and where we belong in our society. With many of the toys I observed, I noticed they would have a specific age group on the box, which is known as the functional age symbol. This helps parents understand the anticipate develop shitforcetal growth of their child, being able to compare it with the age of the kids on the toy boxes.There was a lot of cooking toys for girls, and a lot of police toys for boys, which illustrated to me gender inequality. These toys present the message that men are dominant and above women. By looking at the boxes they showed boys play an authority figure of catching bad guys and there werent any girl cops on any of the police toys that I saw. This led me to believe that they saw women as being weak and not able to go out and be a police officer in the community that they would eventually grow up and be a part of.There were besides toys that sent the message that some men were over other m en and some women where over other women. G. I. Joe toys are a way of showing boys what they should grow up to be, while a princess doll shows a girl that she is expected to be a pretty lady. This is the process of general socialization in our society. While this process starts at birth, it continues throughout our lives by way of the nurturing of kids through toys. laser tag toys are more group oriented be make they require more than one person to play.This then teaches group cohesion, this is where an individual would start learning how to work as a team while playing with other people. Looking at a play house princess set you can see how that cross toy prepares girls for the future role that society would proclaim them to have. Society expects our girls to grow up and be wives, the one who is always back at home fetching care of the kids and the house and making dinner for the husband. The differences in toys amidst girls and boys also create gender inequality.It would lead yo u to think that girls will grow up doing just domestic jobs and that boys will grow up to be cops, soldiers, firefighters, etc. Gender inequality also creates a wage gap for women in our society because it puts male and female with the same potential on an unequal playing field. NBA toys are modeled after real people. They were of James, Bosh, Williams, Durant and Griffin which are all black male players. There were not any female basketball toys this showed the separation of race, sex, color and gender, and how sports and athletes are seen in American society.By giving athletes the achieved status of celebrity and role model, it enables the toy company to create a new market of toys based on the person and not the sport. By not promoting female sports as much as male sports, we are sending a message that male sports are more dominant than female sports and males are more important than females when it comes to sports. There were not any white basketball toys and this was an appeal by the toy company to get whiter kids involve in basketball so they can be famed and one day own their own toy in a toy store.Separating gender by toys can also lead to other things much(prenominal) as stigma and sanction by family, friends and even teachers. A girl playing with a boy toy and doing boy things will be seen as a tom boy and a boy playing with a girl toy will be seen as s sissy. This can cause serious sanction by parents if they are around friends out in public and society will view this as being deviant because they are going against the norm of what is expected from them. Ranking boys above girls is a form of social inequality and relates to the structure of mobility because it brings about what is called social stratification.One set of toys that stood out were the legal residence Depot toys. They showed white males being builders and taking control of the development of buildings and handling tools. This was showing men as being engineers and future bosses and d id not show where girls could do the same jobs as men in the future. By not giving girls the opportunity from a young age to do what they want, we continue to limit the dexterity of women in our society. Toys are a very important way for kids to develop. This is one of the many ways they learn to start sharing things with each other.Toys help kids to understand their roles and gender. Day-care, pre-kindergarten and kindergarten are very erect places for kids to start their venture of learning. This is where individuals and groups get a chance to interact. In this setting, they have the ability to focus on the creation of their personalised identity through playing with toys and others. Of particular interest is the relationship between individual action and group pressures. Having this opportunity to be away from their parents and spend time around other kids will help them nderstand what friendship is and learn the difference between boys and girls. We can expand military toys n ot only to boys but also to girls because women have proven to be just as productive in the military work forces as men. Allowing boys to play with dolls without being sanctioned is a good way of teaching them how to take care of a child and be more loving when they hit adulthood. Making NBA toys for both males and females is a way to encourage the WNBA as much as we do for the men and to gain the interest in the sports for more women.Making white NBA toys will show our kids that white basketball players are as good as black. Teaching girls how to work in construction is not a bad thing because women can also be prospering engineers and builders. Domestic jobs such as taking care of the kids should be taught to boys and not just girls. Giving girls more access to the things that are normally set by for boys from an early age and allowing social mobility will allow them to move from one class to another. If we made these changes we could reduce gender inequality in our society bet ween girls and boys.

Nursing Care for Dissociative Indentity Disorder

Dissociative identity disorder is a common mental disorder. American Psychiatric Association (2000) defines DID as, presence of two or more unambiguous identities or disposition states that recurrently take control of the individuals behaviour, accompanied by an inability to recall heavy personal information that is in any case extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (as cited in Ringrose, 2011, p. 294).Coons (1998) states that an individual suffering from DID shows diverse personalities who may have different ages, names, and functions (as cited in Gentile, Dillon & Gillig, 2013, p. 24). The original personality is legion and developed personalities are alters who may have different level of conciousness and knowledge (Persin, 2011, p. 58). It is complex type of disorder, Briere & Elliott (2003) and Spitzer et al. (2006) estimate that 1 to 3 percentage of total race are suffering from DID in North America (as cited in Gleadhill & Ferris, 2010, p. 3). The complexiti es in personality of the DID patient make difficulty in make outment however, Chlebowski and Gregory (2012) argue that sychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnosis, sort out and family therapy are common for the interference methods for DID (p. 165). By developing effective long term nursing care plan, and implementing it through the individual, family or concourse therapy, nursing intervention can play important role for the treatment of DID patient having different symptoms.DID patients may show several symptoms including amnesia, identity confusion, identity re cleanal, printing of going away of time and space, flashbacks, nightmares, headache, and emotional instability. Steinbergs (2004) structured clinical interview for the diagnosis of DID identifies the five core symptoms as amnesia, depersonalisation, derealisation, identity confusion and identity alteration (as cited in Gleadhill & Ferris, 2010, p. 43).DID patient may also have the symptoms such as fear of ot hers, loneliness, deep insecurity and lack of a coherent sense of self, loss of time and space, flashbacks, nightmares, fragmented and missing memories, headaches, emotional instability ranging from extremes of rage and fear through to numbing and inability to feel (McAllister, 2000, p. 26). Coons (1998) identifies some somatic symptoms such as pseudoseizures, conversion, and gastrointestinal and genitourinary disturbances (as cited in Gentile, Dillon & Gillig, 2013, p. 24).Coons further agrues that DID patients usually show the signs such as eye rolling, eye blinking, trancelike behaviour, and changes in posture during changing of personality from host to alter. Some of the DID patients also report dissociative symptoms of extrasensory experiences such as hallucinations (Gillig, 2009, p. 26). Whatever the symptoms the DID patient shows, there are underlying several traumatic causes for the patient suffering on his/her childhood. DID is acquired in the childhood due to severe ongoin g neglect, physical, emotional, psychological and sexual abuse.Lev-Weisel (2008) states that when child gets abused, mostly sexually abused, he/she thinks the torso no longer be a safe home, and thinks to get rid from the abused situation (as cited in Gleadhill & Ferris, 2010, p. 43). This situation develops dissociative behaviours in an individual as a coping mechanism. Curtis (1988), and Ross and Fraser (1987) argue that repeatition of abuse strengthens the defense mechnism of dissociation which allows abusive memories to be stored in different memory banks so that alter is formed with different personalities to handle the abuse (as cited in Precin, 2011, p. 8). Gold, Hill, Swingle and Elphant (1999) and Volkman (1993) state that the severity of the DID depends on childs age at the time of abuse, duration and severity of abuse, emotional attachment to the abuser, and psychological factors (as cited in Gleadhill & Ferris, 2010, p. 43). In addition to severe child abuse, Armstrong (1991), and Main and Solomon (1986) identify that a disorganized attachment style, and the absence of social as well as familial support also develop DID (as cited in Gillig, 2009, p. 24).Several therapies are in practice for the treatment of the DID such as sychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, art therapy, hypnosis, group and family therapy. Among them common treatments for DID identified by Pais (2009) include individual, family, or group therapy, creative arts therapies, pharmacotherapy and clinical hypnosis (as cited in Gleadhill & Ferris, 2010, p. 44). Due to complexity of disorder and multiple personalities to treat within an individual, Weber (2007) reports that its treatment is often long as well as challenge with possibility of remission scarce (as cited in Gleadhill & Ferris, 2010, p. 3). Chlebowski and Gregory (2012) argue that the treatment model with the largest empirical basis has been Klufts (1999) individualized and multistaged treatment (p. 167). They state, It involves making contact and agreement among alters to work towards integration, accessing and processing trauma with occasional use of hypnosis, learning new coping skills, and eventually fusion among the alters and the self (p. 167).OReilly in1996 develops a nursing therapy model for the treatment of DID patient that focuses basically on three stages reassuring present safety, associating important merories by ensuring patient confidence, and listening, applying and sharing the interpretation (as cited in McAllister, 2000, p. 31). McAllister et al. after an action research in 2001 find that nurse can reassociate the memory of DID patient by developing effective individualized as well as group therapeutic relationship with the patient (P. 31).Association of dissociative memory is quite challenging work among the psychotherapist however, longitudanal individual and group therapies are still considered as effective methods for the treatment of DID. With patients support on treatme nt, nursing intervention may be effective method for the treatment of DID patient by developing longitudanal, individualized and multistaged effective care plan. Some studies on nursing therapy for DID patient show its capableness for the treatment however, further research is necessary to identify its effectiveness.

Premature Babies

previous(p) babies ar babies innate(p) before 37 weeks. For several(prenominal) babies they are innate(p) closer to their due dates and suffer from little to no consequences of being innate(p) preterm. Preterm infants is an other word for unseason fitted that is defined as any infant innate(p) before their due date. Where as the term small-for-date refers to babies that are innate(p) at the desired due date, but are below the pass judgment weight for the length of time spent in the womb. About 500,00 babies are born prematurely in the United States alone. Many premature babies are oblige to spend extended times in hospitals and suffer from health problems that throne affect later life. wrong infants affect more intensive and immediate give care than full term infants to help recovery and survival.Certain activities or health problems post a women at great lay on the line for having a preterm infant. Some women have no signs that they are going to deliver preterm. Some o f the risks of having a preterm infant include multiple births and in vitro fertilization. Mothers carrying more than one baby have a greater risk of having a their babies born premature or small-to-date. Also women that do not get proper prenatal care sick themselves at greater risk to have a preterm infant. Unfortunantley, some women cant afford the prenatal care necessary for the developing fetus or are not better about behavior needed for a healthy pregnancy. They may not visit their doctor to help monitor the developing fetus and they may not being eating right.Some mothers develop eating disorders because they feel their bodies are changing and they think they are fat or unattractive. These women put their unborn baby in danger because they deprive the infant of the necessary nutrients needed for proper growth and devlopement. Mothers that are overweight or underweight at conception also put their fetus at risk for being premature. Drug use, as in cigarettes and alcohol incr ease the risk of having a preterm baby, along with having a baby born with illnesses. Cigarettes use during pregnancy increases risks of asthma and difficulties breathing.The morecigarettes a mother smokes while pregnant, increases the risks, even if the the mother quits in her third trimester of pregnancy she could soundless precipitate the risk of premature birth of her baby and health issues associated with smoking. Mothers who drink alcohol while pregnant increase the risks of premature births along with birth defects that are visible. Babies born to alcoholic parents suffer from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) which has physical abnormalities and issues with memory, language and communication. Another factor that can increase risk for having a premature infant is irregular drug use.About 4% of expecting mothers in the United States use mood altering drugs , like cocaine and heroin. Babies born from drug using parents are greater at risk for premature birth, breathing diffiicult ies, physical defects and death shortly after birth. The infants are born addicted to the substance the mother was using and become vexatious and stressed when the drug supply from the mother is cut off. Drug use is linked to memory, language and motor development impairment is young childhood and pedantic issues. High blood pressure and diabetes also increase the risk of having a premature baby.Stress can also bring about a premature birth. For other women, they may have no signs of having a premature baby and dont engage in any risky behavior during pregnancy , and still deliver babies prematurely. Infants born prematurely need more care after birth to make sure they are able to survive and they have to be accessed for any abnormalities.After birth premature babies are immediately put in incubators to keep the babys body temperature warm as they are hotfoot to the neonatal intensive care unit (neonatal intensive care unit). In the NICU they recieve specialized attention and ob serve to make sure the infant survives. Monitor systems are commonly hooked up to babys chest to monitor breathing, heart rate, temperature. If the infant is having difficulty breathing, then the nurses in the NICU hook the baby up to a ventilator to help breathing stability. If the baby is weak and unable to breast feed or bottle feed, then IV fluid sermon is employ to keep the baby hydrated along with feeding tube insertion.Feeding tubes go through the infants nose and the tube travels to stomach to ensure the nutrients are acquire into the infant. Nurses, Doctors and staff in the NICU work around the clock to ensure that babies vitals are stable and the infantis surviving. Babies born premature and jaundice are placed under bilirubin lights that help the infant break down excess bilirubin that builds up because the liver is not breaking in down. In some cases infants are given medications to help stabilize them.Liquid surfactants are spayed into the lungs to help under unque stionable lungs develop. Antibiotics are given to infants that are at risk of infections or suffering from infections. Medications that increase urine production called duretics are used to help the lungs and circulation. Medications are also given to strenghten breathing and heart rate. Infants care is all specified to their particular illness and situation and the staff at the NICU work hard to be able to stabilize the babies for check to their mothers and family. Babies born prematurely hire more hospitalization and treatment then babies born normal term.Luckily advances in technology have increased survival in infants born prematurely. The longer the pregnancy, the greater the chance of survival is. The development of new technology and creation of NICU in hospitals allows for proper and better treatment of infants born prematurely. 90% of babies born at 28 weeks survive and more extreme cases or premature babies are surviving with the modern medicine advancements in hospitals . existence born premature can affect future mental, developmental, and behavior problems that affect early childhood or become permanent. Doctors have no way of determine how prematurity will affect later development and growth.Premature babies can suffer from health issues upon arrival into the world. Some premature infants develop Apnea. Apnea causes delayed breathing for 20 seconds or more and can also affect heart rate by decreasing it dramatically. Babies with Apnea are closely monitored and hooked up to breathing and monitoring devices to keep track of the infants breathing. Infants born prior to 34 weeks usually do not have fully developed lungs which makes them have Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In RDS the baby cannot breath properly because they do not have a specific protein called surfactant. Surfactant is a protein that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. Infants with RDS are immediatley step on it to NICU and treated.Another lung issue can be br onchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) which iswhen babies have damage or fluid in their lungs. Another health problem is Intraventicular hemorrage (IVH). This is when the infants brain has internal eject which normally kick the buckets near the ventricles near the center of the brain. Ventricles are spaces in the brain that are filled with fluid. These babies also need immediate emergency care. Some premature babies suffer from heart issues like Patent ductus arteriosis (PDA). This condition is when the connection between the ductus and the arteriosus is not closed properly causing breathing problems and even heart failure.Intestinal issues are sometimes also prevalent such as Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This health problem causes a swollen belly and diarrhea and can appear 2 to 3 weeks after birth. Some infants are born anemic and do not have healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body. Treatment sometimes involves blood transfusions. Other premature infants are born with j aundice which is when the liver does not function properly and babies are yellow in apperance. Babies are put in the bilirupin light incubators to help control and treat the issue. Premature babies can also be born with multiple infections such as pneumonia, meningtitis and sepsis. Premature babies require more attention then full term healthy babies.Infants born premature are also subject to issues later on in life. Studies yield that babies born prematurely are more likely to get lower test scores in math and reading, than babies born full term. A register published in 2011 analyzed long term effects of cognitive abilities such as memory and attention span. In the study the researchers concluded that babies born extremely premature did worse on function test and took more time to complete IQ tests. Also adults that took IQ test scored an average of 8.4 points lowers than adults born full term.Another study conducted that babies born between 22 and 25 weeks where at risk for deve loping neurological impairments around 4 to 8 years old. In 2012 researchers from the University College London Institute for Womens health reported that even with advances in technology, the long term of effects of being born prematurely have not changed in the past decades. Advances in technology have increased survival rate in in infants born prematurely, but have not been able to change the issues with cognitive functions and higher risk for particular disorders.Infants born prematurely are more likley to haveweaker immune systems and develop respiratory issues, like asthma. This can be costly for the parents and in some cases lead to early death. Increases in NICU staff and technology have helped the premature babies and decrease many issues that used to be fatal. Unfortunately some issues still arise in later life due to lack of cognitive and physical development at birth. Premature babies need more care than full term babies because they are still fragile and some are barley ready for survival outside of the womb.Premature births occur every day and steps can be taking to decrease the risks, but even with proper prenatal care delivering preterm still can occur. Premature babies need excessive immediate care to help increase survival and decrease disabilities and disadvantages of being born preterm. Premature infants are born under developed and need intensive care to help make sure they are able to develop outside of the womb and survive with the ability to normally function.Doctors and nurses of the NICU work around the clock to help infants born preterm stabalize and to prepare them for transistion in to the real world. Parents and family all eagerly wait for their infants to be able to go home. Preterm infants need more care than full term infants immediatly following deliver due to the fact that preterm infants should still be developing in the womb.